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Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System
1,688 words... ws the cross-bridge to detach and re-attach to another active site on an actin molecule. This contraction cycle is repeated as long as free calcium is available to bind the troponin and ATP is available to provide the energy. The signal to stop contraction is the absence of the nerve impulse at the neuromuscular junction. When this occurs, an energy requiring calcium pump located within the sarcoplasmic reticulum begins to move the calcium back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. This removal o...
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Nerve Cells Withdrawal Symptoms
606 wordsIf you have ever seen "The Wizard of Oz" then you " ve seen the poppy plant. This plant is the source of a group of drugs called opiates. The Latin name for this poppy, Paper Somniferum, literally means "the poppy that makes you sleepy. " This class of drugs has many legitimate medical uses, but it is often abused. Many people find the effects of the opiate narcotics very desirable, and it for this reason that the opiates are often abused. Opiates are made from opium, a white liquid in the poppy...
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Amino Acids Stress Hormones
1,374 wordsIn 1975, Dr. John Hughes and Dr. Kosterlitz discovered Endorphins. It has been confirmed that Endorphins have both neurological and spinal effects. Twenty different types of Endorphins have been discovered in the nervous system. The most effective, beta-endorphin, which gives the most euphoric effect to the brain, has been found to be composed of 31 amino acids. The word Endorphin is abbreviated from 'endogenous morphine' which means morphine produced naturally in the body. Endorphins are renown...
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Neuromuscular Junction Nerve Impulses
973 wordsTransmitter Molecule Derived From Site of Synthesis Acetylcholine Choline CNS, parasympathetic nerves 5 -Hydroxytryptamine (5 -HT) Tryptophan CNS, chromatin cells of the gut, enteric cells Tyrosine adrenal medulla, some CNS cells Adenosine ATP CNS, peripheral nerves ATP sympathetic, sensory and enteric nerves Nitric oxide, NO Arginine CNS, gastrointestinal tract Many other neurotransmitters are derived from precursor proteins, the so-called peptide neurotransmitters. As many as 50 different pept...
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Shown In Figure Neuromuscular Junction
1,660 wordsProteins involved in formation of the neuromuscular junction The neuromuscular junction is a specialized junction, where a motor nerve forms its synaptic terminal with a muscle fibre, one of many fibres that make up a whole muscle. The mature neuromuscular junction is composed of three types of cells - a motor nerve terminal, a muscle fibre and a Schwann cell covering the junction. All three of these cells are highly differentiated and specialized for their functions (Kandel 2000, p. 1089). The ...
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Amp Amp Neuromuscular Junction
1,706 words... e effects would lead to a decrease in the safety factor for neuromuscular transmission. The safety factor is the difference between the threshold needed to elicit an action potential, which is usually around - 45 mV and the actual end-plate potential amplitude, which is usually 70 - 80 mV, this is shown in figure 5. As a result of the reduced number of functional A ChR, the skeletal muscle becomes weakened. This weakness has four special characteristics: 1. It generally affects the cranial m...
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Prefrontal Cortex Identical Twins
1,269 wordsSchizophrenia is a disease that has plagued societies around the world for centuries. It is characterized by the presence of both positive and negative symptoms. (Positive symptoms-altered behaviors ie excited motor activity, hallucinations, incoherent thoughts and speech, negative symptoms - the lack of behavior ie emotion lack of speech, and lack of emotion. Not all schizophrenic patients will exhibit all of these symptoms. There has been much debate as to the causes of schizophrenia. While so...
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Males And Females Pituitary Gland
1,352 wordsAcromegaly (Greek for appendage enlargement) is a rare but very serious disease frequently referred to as Gigantism or Giantism. It is the direct result of an overproduction and secretion of the adenohypophyseal growth hormone GH. True to its name, the disease is characterized by an enlargement of the organs, bones, and soft tissues, as well as a thickening of the skin and bodily membranes; and is frequently difficult to diagnose, as symptoms often do not appear until middle age. Typically the d...
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Paranoid Schizophrenia Amino Acids
1,720 wordsApril, 1956: The pharmaceutical company Parke & Davis first synthesize what they believe to be the perfect anesthetic (Souza, 1995). When administered to patients, it causes a completely dissociative state, with no significant respiratory or cardiovascular depression. Patients appear to be awake, eyes open, breathing normally. but are unaware of their surroundings or the procedures being performed upon them (Souza, 1995). Indeed, this is the perfect drug. Unfortunately, like all good things,...
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York N Y Play An Important Role
1,781 words... like result when the test animals are given drugs which selectively bind to sigma and / or dopamine reuptake sites (Svennson, 1995). Second, 'psychotomimetic effects similar to those induced by PCP can be induced by ketamine, a related arylcyclohexamine derivative' (Sevvenson, 1995). This is a particulary strong point of evidence, especially when coupled with the following point: A dosage of ketamine ten times that of PCP is required in order to induce the same effect (Halberstad, 1995). Thi...
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Plasma Membrane Molecular Biology
2,683 wordsWhat Are The Major Components Of Biological What Are The Major Components Of Biological Membranes And How Do They Contribute To Membrane Function? . What Are The Major Components of Biological Membranes And How Do They Contribute To Membrane Function? . Summary. The role of the biological membrane has proved to be vital in countless mechanisms necessary to a cells survival. The phospholipid bilayer performs the simpler functions such as compartment ation, protection and osmoregulation. The prote...
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Amino Acids Human Body
1,264 wordsPhysiology In Cell Communication Cell Communication Physiology In the human body there are many parts that work together in order for everything to function properly, but even these parts need to have a way to know what to do. This is where cell communication comes into play. Tiny cells in the body contain astounding networks that allow for this communication. Scientists are discovering why these messages from cell to cell are so efficient, and this could lead to new therapies for diseases. In t...
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Fatty Acids Petri Dish
4,956 wordsPlan The initial variable to be considered will be the effect that caffeine and temperature has on the heart beat and if it has a direct or indirect effect on the daphnia's lifespan. If there is enough time to consider a second variable however, the effects of a temperature or alcohol on the daphnia's body system will also be considered alongside the initial variable of caffeine. These will then be slotted into the same graph which will show us how the figure correspond to the results. In order ...
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Ascending Reticular Activating Synaptic Ally Agonizes Lsd
4,684 wordsTable of Contents Introduction Table 1: Effects of LSD A Brief Foray Into Philosophy and the Cognitive Sciences The Suspects Figure 1: Structure of LSD Overview of Synaptic Transmission Theory: LSD Pre-synaptic ally Inhibits 5 -HT Neurons Theory: LSD Post-synaptic ally Antagonizes 5 -HT 2 Receptors Figure 2: LSD Binding at 5 -HT 2 Receptor Theory: LSD Post-synaptic ally Partially Agonizes 5 -HT 2 Receptors Theory: LSD Post-synaptic ally Agonizes 5 -HT 1 Receptors Conclusion References Introducti...
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Attention Deficit Disorder Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
1,820 wordsCHEMISTRY SOCIAL ISSUE REPORT Michael Yates 1997 Nicotine Killer or Wonder Drug? Nicotine, one of the most unusual psychoactive drugs known, and the primary pharmacological agent of addiction in cigarettes, triggers powerful physical and psychological reactions in species as diverse as cockroaches and humans. Nicotine has been proven to boost concentration, improve memory and control body weight, as well as alleviating the symptoms of Alzheimers and Parkinsons Disease sufferers. However, researc...
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Central Nervous System Selective Serotonin
736 wordsMigraine headaches are the result of a disturbance in the neuro chemistry of the central nervous system. They are relatively common, affecting three times as many women as men. Migraine sufferers typically report a definite pattern to their headaches, and they can report what stimuli bring them on. Most migraine sufferers experience their first attack before the age of 20. There is no single cause of migraines, but the tendency to get migraines does tend to run in families. When a migraine occur...
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Muscular Dystrophy Association Skeletal Muscles
759 wordsIn 1890, German medical professor Wilhelm Erb and other physicians had been observing several cases of a neuromuscular disease that they believed was affecting how nerve impulses were transmitted to muscle at the neuromuscular junction. The patient? s experienced a " grave muscular weakness" and Wilhelm named it myasthenia gravis. Through further research, the physicians discovered whether it affected the eye muscles first, or created difficulty in talking, chewing and swallowing, or i...
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Neuromuscular Junction Nerve Impulses
1,028 wordsTransmitter Molecule Derived From Site of Synthesis Acetylcholine Choline CNS, parasympathetic nerves Serotonin 5 -Hydroxytryptamine (5 -HT) Tryptophan CNS, chromatin cells of the gut, enteric cells GABA Glutamate CNS Glutamate CNS Aspartate CNS Glycine spinal cord Histamine Histidine hypothalamus Epinephrine synthesis pathway Tyrosine adrenal medulla, some CNS cells Norpinephrine synthesis pathway Tyrosine CNS, sympathetic nerves Dopamine synthesis pathway Tyrosine CNS Adenosine ATP CNS, periph...
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