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The word immune literally means protection. Protection from many hazards in the environment. Diseases cannot be immunized, such as cancer or AIDS Immune system protects against foreign substances, and problems that may arise during that process Cells of the immune system function to protect the individual organism against threats from anything that is foreign, or nonself. Predominant threat to humans is infectious invasion of the body by foreign organisms, viruses, bacteria, and fungi Potential to cause disease Disease results when cells tissues have been damaged so much that they can no longer function properly Without an immune system humans would certainly die from infectious diseases Immune system also provides long-term resistance, or immunity, to reinfection by organisms that have been precious encountered. Once immune system has encountered a foreign material, it quickly and deficiently responds to subsequent exposures to the same material. Cell-mediated immunity Immune protection by antibody protein antibody-mediated immunity Phagocytosis destruction of foreign material they engulf and destroy a wide variety of molecules, particles and organisms, in contrast to antibodies, which are specific for only one antigen Phagocytosis is an important part of a protective process called inflammation Tissue damage such as cuts, splinters and infectious organisms Other nonspecific mechanisms include physical and biochemical barriers The skin and mucous cilia antibacterial enzymes found in saliva, sweat are biochemical barriers to many microorganisms Basic characteristics of immunity were recognized more than 2000 years ago.
Certain diseases could be avoided by inducing immunity with vaccines that induce specific immunity without causing disease White blood cells known as lymphocytes travel individually in the blood circulation Also collect in specialized lymphoid tissues and organs Mature and functional are called B cells Functional thymus-derived lymphocytes, or T cells Killer T cells responsible for cell mediated immunity Helper T cells interact with B cells to help them make antibody molecules Suppressor T cells interact with B cells to success their production of antibody. B cells and T cells make proteins that bind to specific antigens. On the surface of B cells, these proteins are antibodies of the same type On the surface of T cells, the proteins are called T-cell receptors During embryonic development and throughout life, lymphocytes become committed to producing antibody or receptor molecules that specifically bind to a single antigen Identical descents are called clones If your were immunized against the measles, it would take 7 to 14 days to reach maximum antibody levels after the initial exposure to a given antigen. This is the primary immune response During Primary immune response, many stimulated B cells become long-lived memory cells, retaining the original specific antigen-binding capability Antibody molecules serve two biological functions. First they bind to a specific antigen second
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Research essay sample on Immune Response Cell Mediated
