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The United States of America has been contending with adverse social and economic effects of the drug abuse, namely of heroin, since the foundation of this country. Our initial attempt to outlaw heroin with the Harrison Narcotic Act of 1914 resulted in the U. S. having the worst heroin problem in the world (Tooley 540). Although the legislative actions regarding heroin hitherto produced ominous results that rarely affected any individuals other than the addict and his or her family, the late twentieth century brings rise to the ever-infringing AIDS epidemic in conjunction with heroin abuse. The distribution of clean needles to intravenous (IV) drug users is being encouraged in an attempt to prevent the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from sharing " contaminated needles" (Glantz 1077).
It is the contention of this paper to advocate the establishment and support of needle exchange programs for intravenous drug users because such programs reduce the spread of HIV and do not cause an increase of drug use. This can be justified simply by examining the towering evidence that undoubtedly supports needle exchange programs and the effectiveness of their main objective to prevent the spread of the HIV. Countries around the world have come to realize that prohibiting the availability of clean needles will not prevent IV drug use; it will only prevent safe IV drug use (Glantz 1078). Understanding that IV drug use is an inescapable aspect of almost every modern society, Europeans have been taking advantage of needle exchange programs in Amsterdam since the early 1980 s (Fuller 9). Established in 1988, Spain's first needle exchange program has since been joined by 59 additional programs to advocate the use of clean injection equipment (Menoyo 410) in an attempt to slow the spread of HIV. Several needle exchange programs sponsored by religious organizations in Australia have " reported no new HIV infections resulting from needle sharing over the past three years" (Fuller 9).
Public safety groups in the United States are rapidly beginning to accept the effectiveness of needle exchange programs. The 113 needle exchange programs that are currently operating throughout the United States (Body 26) are a result of this acceptance. These programs for the most part are established to support " needle exchange" more so than " needle distribution" (Fuller 10). Many needle exchange programs have been initiated by recovering addicts who understand " the realities of addiction and the potential harm of needle sharing" (Fuller 9). Perhaps addicts feel more comfortable taking advice from some one whom has been there and knows what they are going through. Social interaction between the addict and program is quite simple.
Program clients are asked to donate their old injection equipment in exchange for new materials and identification cards issued by some programs, allowing the users to carry their injection equipment anywhere (Loconte 20), reducing the need to share needles. Volunteers keep track of old needles collected and sterile ones given out with " a coding system that allows participants to remain anonymous" (Green 15). Unlike some of their European counterparts, needle exchange programs in the U. S. do not advocate the use of vending machines to dispense hypodermic needles (Fuller 10). American programs understand the grave importance of regular contact between the addict and caring members of society who inform addicts about various avenues of health care and recovery during each visit (Fuller 10).
The assistant director of the Adult Clinical AIDS Program at Boston Medical Center, Jon Fuller, feels that this intimate approach by American programs conveys " a powerful message to addicts that their lives and well-being are still valued by the community" despite their inability to " break the cycle of addictive behavior" (10). Addicts who can not stay clean or get admitted into a drug treatment program should be encouraged to take the necessary precautions to perform safe injections and not put others at risk as a result of their habit (Glantz 1078). From 1981 to 1997, drug related HIV cases in the United States rose from 1 to 31 percent not including infants and sexual partners infected by the user (Fuller 9). With contaminated needles infecting 33 Americans with HIV daily (Fuller 11), it was only a matter of time before an in-depth analysis of the drug related AIDS epidemic was made. More comprehensive research in regards to the effectiveness of needle exchange programs is necessary to provide the basis for making proper legislative decisions. The ban currently preventing federal funds from being allocated to support needle exchange programs in the U.
S. greatly curtails the means necessary to establish and operate an effective needle exchange program. President Clinton initially planned to lift the ban (Body 28) but, against the advise of his health advisor and compelling scientific support for needle exchange programs, he extended the ban forcing needle exchange programs to operate within their already thin budgets (Schools 34). A bit of hypocrisy is sensed by Joe Fuller because the Clinton Administration " refused to lift the ban but encouraged local governments to use their own resources to fund exchange programs" (8). The Administration claims that by supporting something other than " zero tolerance" may give the " wrong message" (Drucker 15). Political careers were obviously placed ahead of the general safety of the American people (Green 15) possibly due to public opinion surveys.
The Family Research Council performed a public opinion survey in 1997 (Body 28). Sixty-two percent of the 1, 000 registered voters who where asked to voice their opinion about needle exchange programs did not approve of them (Body 28). Some critics claim that needle exchange programs may increase drug use and encourage promiscuity (Body 27) while others fear contaminated needles will not be disposed of properly creating a " public health hazard" (Body 28). These concerns are understandable but they must be properly weighed against the benefits to society as a whole. An effective needle exchange program in Windham Connecticut was shut down after a needle that was improperly disposed of pricked a two-year-old girl (Connecticut 5). Researchers interviewed a number of clients before and after the program was terminated to determine the number of participants that secured their injection equipment from the street or acquaintances (Connecticut 5).
The number of participants using unreliable equipment drastically increased from 14 percent while the program was still operating, to 36 percent immediately after closing, to 51 percent in an interview three months after closing (Connecticut 5). The status quo remained in regards to the amount of debris after Windham's program had been terminated (Connecticut 6). Advocates feel that taking the remote chance of dealing with an improperly disposed needle is worth saving countless lives for sure. The frustration of dealing with federal and public resistance is compounded by state laws forbidding individuals from possessing or distributing hypodermic needles and syringes that are enforced by all but four states in the U. S. (Glantz 1078). As a result, needle exchange programs across the country must evade prosecution regularly.
The Chai project is a group of public safety advocates based in New Brunswick, New Jersey that distributes sterile needles and syringes, condoms, and valuable information about diseases such as HIV despite interference from local authorities who are required to enforce laws with which they may or may not agree (Green 15). Diana Mccague, founder of the Chai project, was arrested after giving an undercover detective a sterile pack of hypodermic needles (Green 15). The judge hearing the case, Terrill Brenner, praised Mccague's undeniably effective contribution to public safety but was forced by law to convict her of illegally distributing drug paraphernalia (Green 15). Mccague wonders " What kind of society? we live in that people are arrested for saving lives? " (Green 15).
Recently conducted studies of various needle exchange programs returned rather encouraging results. The number of HIV infections among drug users decreased of 5. 8 percent annually in 29 cities throughout the world where needle exchange programs where implemented as opposed to a 5. 9 percent increase in 51 cities where they were not (Body 27). The National Institute of Health claims that needle exchange programs reduce their clients rate of performing dangerous injections as much as 80 percent (Fuller 11). From 1991 to 1996 New York Citys rate of drug related HIV cases dropped from 44 to 28 percent (Schools 36). Organizations nationwide such as the American Medical Association, the American Bar Association, and the American Public Health Association have begun to openly support needle exchange programs (Fuller 11).
Donna E. Shall, secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services, was asked to investigate the validity of needle exchange programs as a whole. She concluded, " needle exchange programs can be an effective part of a comprehensive strategy to reduce the incidence of HIV transmission and do not and do not encourage the use of illegal drugs" (Body 28). Needle exchange programs encourage the participation of addicts in their program usually by giving out more equipment than is received (Loconte 20).
We can not ignore the possibility that addicts are really motivated to participate in the programs because the extra equipment received from the program could easily be sold to attain their next bag of dope (Loconte 20). This will not do the addict any good but it could possibly keep someone from being victimized to support such a habit. It should be understood that needle exchange programs are not really concerned with the IV drug users reasons behind taking advantage of the services regularly, so long as they do just that, take advantage of the services regularly. America can no longer ignore the ominous consequences of its drug abusers and their addiction. HIV has infringed our society in conjunction with the relentless forces of addiction for which there is no cure. The perilous habits of a drug addict, especially an IV drug user, are geared toward getting high (Loconte 15), not personal health and public safety.
However, habitual behavior is not inalterable. It can be swayed by a little incitement from the brighter, more intelligent members of society; incitement to support and make regular use of local needle exchange programs. Although American society may not understand the driving force behind heroin addiction, we all must understand that it" will always be with us? [so] we had better learn how to live with [its]? in a way that minimizes [its]? adverse health and social consequences" (Drucker 15)
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Research essay sample on Needle Exchange Programs Needles And Syringes
