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... is reliable. P. G. Koehler and C. L.
Tucker dedicated their research to the population of these insects in Florida. P. G. Koehler and C.
L. Tucker distinguished three principle types of termites in Florida, they are: (they nest in the soil), dogwood termites (they infest dry wood) and damp wood (they infest damp wood). And subterranean termites were defined by the researchers as the most destructive and frequently encountered kind of termite found throughout the state. The chapters that are included into Subterranean Termites are the following: Biology, Detections of Termites, Subterranean Termite Prevention and Control.
As to the detection of termites, it is a difficult process, according to the authors of Subterranean Termites. Termites remain hidden within wood and are often difficult to detect. However, subterranean termites may be detected by the presence of winged reproductive's, mud tubes, and wood damage. The sign of mud tubes appears because subterranean termites usually build shelter tubes in the soil in order to protect them from predation and low humidity. Such tubes are? inch wide.
Thus, P. G. Koehler and C. L.
Tucker recommend an inspection of a house at least once a year. Also, there are some factors that should be borne in mind during the process of inspection: if the house has a crawl space, the inside and outside of foundations should be inspected for tubes. If the house has a concrete slab floor, cracks in concrete floors and places where pipes and utilities go through the slab should be closely examined. Additionally, the authors of Subterranean Termites argued that prevention is the best control of termites.
According to P. G. Koehler and C. L.
Tucker the process of prevention should include the following: Removal of all materials like stumps, roots, wood, from the site of the building before the construction is started; Removal of all grade stakes and board used in the construction; No contact should be between the wood of the building and the fill or soil. Exterior woodwork should be located a minimum of 6 inches above ground and beams in crawl spaces at least 18 inches above ground to provide ample space to make future inspections. Dead air pockets should be prevented with the help of ventilation. Irrigation and landscape plants should not be closer than two feet to the foundation wall. Annual inspections should be conducted in order to find the signs of infestation. The wood that contacts the soil should be commercially treated and should not be taken to the house.
Next, the process of management preoccupies several stages: preconstruction soil treatment of structures; preconstruction treatment of foundations walls and piers; preconstruction treatment of concrete slabs; preconstruction treatment of structures deciding on baits or termites barriers. Preconstruction soil treatment of structures it is the control of subterranean termites by preventing the termite colony in the soil from entering the structure. This kind of treatment is applied to protect any structure for the period of at least 5 years. There are two general categories of termiticide's that can be applied. The first is "Repellent Termiticide. " It includes such chemicals as pyrethroids that do not kill termites because they can detect the treated soil. Since termites detect the soil treated with "Repellent Termiticide", they do not make their tunnels in it.
The other category is called - "Non-Repellent Termiticide" that is not detected by termites. Thus, termites freely continue their tunnel in the soil treated with "Non-Repellent Termiticide" and soon after they will die. All in all, the researchers concluded that the integrity of the soil treatment is a key factor in providing protection to the structure. Preconstruction treatment of foundations walls and piers implies that the insecticide is applied to a trench in the soil after the footings are already poured and the piers or the walls have been constructed. The insecticide should be applied in the following areas: outside and inside of the foundation; around piers; pipes; chimney basis; conduits and all the other structures that contact the soil. Preconstruction treatment of concrete slabs is the type of construction when a concrete slab is resting on the soil.
The authors of Subterranean Termites pointed out that insecticide should be used to treat slabs as well. In particular, P. G. Koehler and C.
L. Tucker recommend the following: apply diluted spray to the fill at the rate of 1 gal. per 10 sq. ft. Along both sides of foundation walls and interior foundation walls and plumbing (critical areas), apply diluted insecticide at the rate of 4 gal. per 10 linear feet.
Treat all hollow masonry units of foundations with 4 gal. of diluted spray per 10 linear feet. Preconstruction treatment of structures. This kind of treatment can be achieved by digging trenches along outside and inside of foundation walls and around the areas of chimney bases, piers. Then, according to Subterranean Termites trenches should be treated with insecticide. This insecticide is usually applied on outside and inside of foundation, around piers, pipes, chimney bases, conduits and the rest of the structures that contact the soil.
Deciding on baits or termites barriers. The notion of termite baits was explained by the researchers in the following way: termite baits use small amounts of insecticide to knock out populations of termites foraging in and around the structure. These baits as a rules consist of cardboard, paper or other food of termites mixed with slow-acting substance that is lethal for termites. Such bait products may be inserted into the ground or installed above it.
The authors of the research Subterranean Termites noted that effects tend to be more rapid with above-ground baiting because the procedure does not depend upon "chance" termite encounters with the stations. Additionally, P. G. Koehler and C. L. Tucker discussed advantages and disadvantages of using baits and termiticide barriers.
Thus the researchers argued that: Baits are more advantageous, since there is seldom a problem of access for termites. While some structures are not convenient for proper termiticide treatment as they may have cisterns, wells, plenums etc. Baiting needs less disruption than conventional barrier treatment. Thus, homeowners may avoid drill, noise and dust and conduct monitoring of bait stations without any assistance of a professional. Homeowners who do not like the usage of pesticides on the territory of their home, are good candidates for baits. The amount of pesticide applied for baits is small comparing to big gallonage's required for effective barrier treatment.
People who live in attached housing will certainly chose termiticide barriers because they can not bait the entire structure. On the whole, I think that the audience of this article may range from average people to professionals in Entomology. To my mind this source is reliable. Susan C. Jones, Ph.
D. , the Assistant Professor of Entomology of Ohio State University, Extension Specialist, Household & Structural Pests, in her research Termite Control investigated the aspects of biology, detection, prevention and control measures of termites. Susan C. Jones characterized subterranean termites as those that are the most common and economically important wood-destroying organisms in the United States. These termites are closely associated with the soil habitat where they excavate a network of tunnels through the soil to reach water and food.
Also, the author proposed some alternative ways of control termites. In sum, these controls include: Treated wood. Susan C. Jones pointed out that there are some substances that can protect wood against termites. Among these substances there are borates (disodium octa borate tetra hydrate) and pressure-treatments (for example, chromate copper arsenate, creosote). However, wood treatment is used to supplement other kinds of control measures.
Physical Barriers. These barriers are appropriate during the phase of preconstruction and they can protect the structure from infestation. The researcher provides with the following explanation: one such physical barrier is stainless-steel wire mesh that is fitted around pipes, posts, or foundations. The newest physical barrier, Impasse Termite System, contains a liquid termiticide locked in between two layers of heavy plastic that is installed before the concrete slab is poured.
It is supplemented with Termite Blocker, which uses special fittings around plumbing and electrical pipes and conduits. Biological Control Agents. This implies certain species of round worms that kill termites as well as other soil insects. These worms are marketed by some companies.
Though, as Susan C. Jones noted, there are many factors that may limit the ability of the worms and thus to diminish their effect on infestation. For instance, such factor can be soil moisture and soil type. On the whole, I think that Susan C. Jones used some innovative methods in her research that make Termite Control interesting to read for average readers and for specialists in Entomology. Richard M.
Houseman, Department of Entomology, University of Missouri-Columbia, in his article Subterranean Termites investigated the aspects of biology, infestations / feeding and management. The author of the article also differentiated soil treatments and termite baiting systems as the primary treatment options to consider in postconstuction termite elimination. The researcher recommended three principles to minimize the risk of infestation, these principles are: 1) sanitation; 2) good construction practices; 3) termite barriers. Richard M. Houseman also compared soil treatments with baits and discussed their pro and contra.
According to the author of Subterranean Termites, soil drenches are fast acting and less expensive. While the large amounts of termiticide that is used around the house may be invasive. At the same time, baits not so invasive, but they are more expensive and usually are slow to produce their effect. In sum, the article by Richard M. Houseman is intended for specialists in Entomology as long as average people. This source is reliable to my mind.
Bibliography: Daniel R. Suiter, Susan C. Jones, Brian T. Forschler, Termite Life Circle Clyde Ogg, Barb Ogg, Shripat Kamble Dennis Ferraro (2002) Subterranean Termite Handbook Pesticide Education Resources University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Retrieved April 4, 2005 from web Jay B Karen, Alan H. Roe Subterranean Termites (2000) Fact Sheet No. 8 Retrieved April 4, 2005 from extension.
usu. edu / files /factsheets / sub terra . pdf P. G. Koehler, C. L.
Tucker (2003) Subterranean Termites, the Institute of Food and Agricultural Science Retrieved April 4, 2005 from http: // 64. 233. 183. 104 /search? q = cache: H 6 TmZHLO 4 J: edi's. ifas. us. edu / pdf files /IG/IG 09700.
pdf+ 6. % 09 P. + G. +Koehler, +C. +L. +Tucker: +Subterranean+Termites&hl = en Richard M. Houseman: Subterranean Termites, 2004, My Guide, University of Missouri Extension, p. 6 Roger E. Gold, Harry N. Howell Jr and Grady J.
Glenn (2001) Subterranean Termites, The Texas A&M University System. Retrieved April 4, 2005 from web Shripat T. Kamble, Persistence and Bioavailability of Termiticide's to Subterranean Termites University of Nebraska, Lincoln Retrieved April 4, 2005 from web Susan C. Jones: Termite Control, 1991, Kenny Rd. , Columbus, OH 43210 - 1000
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Research essay sample on Subterranean Termites Damage And Control Part 2
