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Subterranean Termites (damage and control) Shripat T. Kamble, professor of University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Department of Entomology in Persistence and Bioavailability of Termiticide's to Subterranean Termites investigated termites in the area of Nebraska. The author of the research determined the biology of termites. According to Shripat T. Kamble, termites are ground-inhabiting, social insects that live in colonies.
They live in colony or nest that may be located about 18 - 20 feet below the soil surface. The researcher also worked out the division of castes of termites. They are: 1) reproductive's (king and queen), 2) soldiers, and 3) workers. This division was illustrated and supplied with necessary comments in the research by Shripat T.
Kamble. For example, the winged reproductive's are dark brown to brownish black and have two pairs of equal size wings that extend well beyond the body. Swarms are common in spring and fall, especially after a rain. After a flight, the winged males and females return to the ground and shed their wings or Full-grown workers are soft-bodied, wingless, blind and creamy white. In early stages, they are fed predigested food by the king and queen.
Once workers are able to digest wood, they provide food for the entire colony. I think that this source is reliable and it is intended for the level of specialists. The cooperation of researchers Daniel R. Suiter from University of Georgia, Susan C. Jones from Ohio State University, and Brian T. Forschler, University of Georgia dedicated their investigation to Termite Life Circle.
They reported in the Ohio State University Bulletin that Termites are opportunistic a trait most aptly demonstrated by the variety of developmental options available to this small, delicate social insect. The ultimate caste, or life form, of an immature termite is not determined at the egg stage. Each newly hatched termite can develop into any one of a number of castes. These complexities are highlighted by the subterranean termite life cycle. The researcher also supplied the classification of termites with their comments regarding the life circles of each of the subgroups.
For instance, workers are the termites that cause most of the damage by eating wood, but they also maintain the colony, build and repair the nest, forage for food, and help care for the young. Reproductive's can be of two kinds primary and secondary, and the secondary are found in mature colonies and serve as replacements if something happens to the primary reproductive's. All in all, the authors of the research provide with sufficient information about the life circle or termites, their population and classification. I think that this source is a reliable one and it is intended for the level of average people as well as specialists. Jay B Karen, Entomologist and Alan H. Roe, Insect Diagnostician, Utah State University Extention dedicated their investigation to the field of damage made by termites.
The researchers worked on the aspects of nutrition of termites, the importance of moisture for them and various sources of hazard for termites. Thus, termites also must protect themselves from temperature extremes and attack by ants and other insects. Those that forage above ground protect themselves with shelter tubes constructed from particles of soil or wood and bits of debris held together by salivary secretions. Another interesting aspect that was enlightened by the authors is the process of infestation, its signs, and the ways to indicate it.
For example, wood damage often is not found at first so careful observations must be made. Wood which yields a dull, thudding sound when struck by a screwdriver or hammer should be examined. Careful probing of suspected areas with a sharp, pointed instrument such as an ice pick will disclose termite galleries or damage. I think that this research is very useful for average readers in terms of protection their buildings against termites and also it may be interesting for specialists in entomology and insect diagnoses.
I think that this source is a reliable one. The authors from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, - Clyde Ogg, Barb Ogg, Shripat Kamble and Dennis Ferraro in Subterranean Termite Handbook revised Ter miticide Treatments that are conventional. The conventional approach that was used as the basis of the investigation consisted of the chemical treatment of soil around and under foundations of buildings to protect them from termite attack. It should be noted, however, that this approach has been commonly used for 50 years. Also the authors of Subterranean Termite Handbook discussed the factors that can increase the ability of the barrier to withstand termites. In addition, the researchers determined the factors that may affect Ter miticide Application.
Thus, Clyde Ogg, Barb Ogg, Shripat Kamble and Dennis Ferraro noted that the soil type and its moisture content affect the penetration and stickiness of liquid termiticide's. If the soil is excessively wet, there is a chance of ter miticide runoff and a chance that the chemical will not penetrate into and / or stick to the soil. In frozen or excessively dry soil, termiticide's are repelled and puddling occurs, resulting in poor distribution of the ter miticide. All liquid ter miticide labels prohibit applications to be made into water-saturated or frozen soil. The research ended with the sufficient examination of methods of treatment. This examination is supplied with useful recommendations and notes on the point of application of different termiticide's, and specific conditions that are important for treatment.
For example, liquid termiticide's are not easily moved or disturbed once dry in the soil. Since they don't dissolve in water, movement from the soil is not a problem. However, there is a slight risk of contaminating a well or other water supply if liquid termiticide's are applied to adjacent soil that either contains layers of gravel or tends to crack severely during periods of drought. Equally important in Subterranean Termite Handbook are the methods of application of treatment. They are supplied with detailed instructions, the description of the objective and the main principles of application. It is notable that the recommendations given by the authors are supported with the results of the laboratory tests.
Also Clyde Ogg, Barb Ogg, Shripat Kamble and Dennis Ferraro discuss advantages and disadvantages of the two ways of treatment: "exterior only" and "exterior mostly." The researchers note that the method calls for applications of the newer non-repellent termiticide's either as exterior perimeter treatments alone or as exterior perimeter treatments plus selected "hot spot" treatments. Finally, it was concluded that full treatment could be the best way to get rid of termites. All in all, I think that the research performed by Clyde Ogg, Barb Ogg, Shripat Kamble and Dennis Ferraro is sufficient and may serve as a reliable source for further investigations in this area made specialists. Also this information may be helpful for average readers who deal with treatment of infestation. Roger E. Gold, Harry N.
Howell Jr and Grady J. Glenn in Subterranean Termites investigated the aspects of control and inspection of the processes of infestation. Roger E. Gold is the Professor and Extension Specialist in Urban Entomology; Harry N.
Howell Jr is Assistant Extension Entomologist; and Grady J. Glenn is Research Assistant. The researchers dedicated their investigation to the termites in the area of Texas, the distribution of termites, their identification, biology and habits, and finally damage they produce. The damage and the management of it are the core chapters in Subterranean Termites. Very detailed and interesting can be the Characteristics of damaged wood. According to Roger E.
Gold, Harry N. Howell Jr and Grady J. Glenn, subterranean termite damage almost always is confined to the soft, springwood growth of the wood. Tunnels tend to follow the wood grain. They either are lined with the same material used to build shelter tubes, or have a pale, spotted appearance resulting from soft fecal material plastered on tunnel surfaces. Look for moisture sources that may cause wood decay, which can encourage subterranean termite infestation.
Extensive deterioration from wood decay can be confused with termite damage. Among the signs of infestation the researchers defined the following ones: Swarmers. It means the presence of swarming reproductive's in such locations as window-sills, near indoor light. If swarmed appear inside a house, it always indicates as active infestation. Wings. These wings are discarded by swarmed as a normal part of their behaviour.
These signs can appear in cobwebs or on window sills. Damaged wood. Though it is not found initially, but this is a definite sign of termite infestation. The authors of Subterranean Termites supplied their work with precise definition of control measures that are necessary in the frames of management: control measures include reducing the potential for subterranean termite infestation, preventing termite entry, and applying residual chemicals for remedial treatment.
Then Roger E. Gold, Harry N. Howell Jr and Grady J. Glenn gave recommendations on performing investigation. They noted that investigation aims at determining whether infestations and damage are present, whether remedial control measures are needed, and what conditions can encourage termite attack.
Finally the researchers worked out step by step instructions on performing an investigation. Equally important is the chapter dedicated to the typical wood damage made by subterranean termites. This chapter surrounds the problems of all kinds of wood damage resulted from infestation. Thus, to measure and inspect wood damage, one should do the following: examine the places where earth-to-wood contact may occur. This may be near or above stair carriages, fences, or trellises; examine and open any fuse boxes or exterior electrical meter, which is set into the walls.
These are the common points for infestation, as the authors remarked. Inspect carefully the wood materials located next to the swimming pool. Especially those things that are frequently splashed by water should be examined. Furthermore, the authors included some recommendations to prevent the problems of infestation. Roger E. Gold, Harry N.
Howell Jr and Grady J. Glenn pointed out that many termite problems can be prevented through sound initial designs, mechanical alterations, and sanitation. The basic premise behind prevention is to deny termites access to food (wood), moisture and shelter. In this way, before building a house one should carefully plan its construction. If a house is already built, its owner should modify the building site so that the soil grade slopes away from the structure in all directions. Also, such measures as a plastic film covering 70 percent of the area that is underneath the house; vents, place opposite each other may contribute to elimination of the factors coefficient for infestation.
I think that this literary source is necessary for people owning wood buildings and may become a guide for ones regular inspections. I think that this source...
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Research essay sample on Subterranean Termites Damage And Control Part 1
