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... a direction of a gas jet may work. However, now designers begin to refuse from the application of gas rudders, replacing them with several additional nozzles or turning the main nozzle. For example, on the American rocket constructed under the project "Avant guide", the engine it is fixed on hinges, and it can be rejected on 5 - 7 O. Really, at the beginning of flight when the density of air is still great, the speed of a rocket is small, therefore rudders badly operate. And there, where the rocket gets the big speed, the density of air is small.
Gas rudders are fragile, because they are usually made of graphite or ceramics. 6 Source: web Each missiles stage works in completely various conditions which determine its design. Capacity of each following step and time of its action is less, therefore the design may be easier. Now engines of ballistic missiles mainly work on liquid fuel. Kerosene and aniline are usually used as fuel and - nitric and chloral acids, liquid oxygen and peroxide of hydrogen are used as oxidizers. Fluorine and liquid ozone are considered to be very active oxidizers, but because of extreme risk of explosion their application is limited. The most crucial part of a rocket is the engine, and in it there is the chamber of combustion and nozzle.
Especially heat resisting materials and complex methods of cooling should be used as the temperature of combustion of fuel reaches up to 2500 - 3500. Usual materials do not bare such temperatures. Other units are enough also complex. For example, pumps which submitted fuel and oxidizer to atomizers of the chamber of combustion, already in rocket OAO- 2 were capable to pump over 125 kg of fuel per one second. In some cases instead of cylinders with compressed air or any other gas which supersedes fuel from tanks and drives it in the chamber of combustion are applied.
The ballistic missile is started from the special starting device. Frequently it is an openwork metal mast or even a tower near which a rocket is mounted by elevating cranes. Platforms on a tower are placed against viewing hatches through which the equipment is checked and adjusted. Then a rocket is filled with fuel, and the tower drives off. Starting vertically, the rocket then is inclined and makes almost strictly an elliptic trajectory.
The significant part of a trajectory of such rockets flight passes at height more than 1000 km where the resistance of air is practically absent, however with reaching the target the atmosphere sharply begins to brake movement of a rocket, thus the environment is strongly heated up, and, if not to arrange, the rocket may collapse, and its charge may blow up too 15 Source: web early. The building of the rocket described above was the result of the realization of Reagan's plan. However, on May, 5, 2004 the historians, who were looking through the papers of President Ronald Reagan, probably, didnt find anything more attractive and more disputable than his policy on a question of the nuclear weapon and the control over arms. After his project of creating of ballistic missiles was fulfilled Reagan acted for wide agreements with Soviet Union on nuclear weapon systems with the purpose of decrease the threat of catastrophic war. Nuclear threats which made Reagan have done that; have considerably changed since the time of his presidency, but in many respects the potential opportunity of nuclear catastrophe has increased.
Today Reagan's offers to liquidate offensive ballistic missiles could to be something bigger, than simply a footnote in historians work; they could become "a map" for new generation of leaders. In July, 1986 Reagan has sent the letter to Michael Gorbachev, suggesting to liquidate all the American and Soviet offensive ballistic missiles. Three months later, at summit with Gorbachev in Reykjavik, Iceland, the American president has suggested destroying all offensive ballistic missiles in 10 -years term provided that by that time each party could develop strategic systems of antimissile defense. Much has changed since that significant day in Iceland. After the disintegration of Soviet Union in 1991 three presidents of the USA proclaimed the end of the "cold war." However the most dangerous show of this war - long-range (with range of shooting more than 5500 km) ballistic missiles with nuclear warheads of overland (intercontinental ballistic missiles) and sea (ballistic missiles of submarines) basing remain a constant component of the American and Russian arsenals of arms. 9 Even when in 2012 the Moscow contract will be completely executed, Russia and the United States will keep thousand nuclear warheads on hundreds the ballistic missiles which Source: web are in constantly high alertness - that means ready to immediate start-up and capable to strike the targets in any minutes.
Constantly high alertness of ballistic missiles puts huge pressure upon leaders of the both countries, especially of Russia where the system of rocket attack prevention suffers from serious malfunctions and where only a little bit of nuclear warheads on rockets is supported in constantly high alertness with the raised survivability. Perhaps, the distribution of the ballistic missiles in the Near East and Southern Asia is even more important than a kept emphasis on ballistic missiles in the United States and Russia. China, the most probable strategic contender of America began essential modernization of the ballistic rocket systems. The ballistic missile with a nuclear header remains the most frightening weapon that has ever been invented.
Start-up of only one rocket can ruin in a few minutes tens millions of lives; the small number of rockets is capable to destroy a society and to provoke global confrontation. As well as any other weapon technologies, always it is possible to resort to argument, that, " gin is let out from a bottle ", and now it is impossible, and it is not necessary to undertake anything for reduction of a potential opportunity of accident; or to prove, what not systems of the weapon, and political factors are a key to the resolution of conflicts and decrease a level of threat (it is a geopolitics equivalent of the statement, that " rifles do not kill people, people kill people "). However such reasoning ignores the big importance of a nuclear problem. President Reagan was ready to destroy all his ballistic missiles in exchange for destruction of the Soviet rockets.
Today, when Russia is American partner, it is necessary to reconsider this offer to take into consideration remaining threats and the new threats of the from distribution of rockets. 11 The global interdiction on ballistic missiles would simplify many problems. First, after implementation of this interdiction the need in "strong" system of defense against ballistic missiles with range of shooting over 500 km essentially would decrease Source: web. Second, systems could be focused on threat from rockets of small range which do not fall under the agreement on a global interdiction on ballistic missiles. China would refuse the present limited opportunities on making a rocket nuclear attack on territory of the United States. But China would keep ability to make nuclear attacks on all the territory of Asia, using the aircraft, the aerial bombs not forbidden by the agreement and ballistic missiles of small range (that would become for China the important stimulus to the conclusion of the agreement).
Nevertheless, destruction of ballistic missiles with range of shooting over 500 km could become a rotary point in political attitudes between regional antagonists (the same as the agreement on intermediate nuclear forces between Reagan and Gorbachev became a rotary point in attitudes between Washington and Moscow). Moreover, the global interdiction on ballistic missiles considerably would lower danger for the states to which the attack with use of ballistic missiles threatens, having removed from arsenals of the regional states the most dangerous systems of the weapon and having facilitated the organization of defense with use of usual means of the armed struggle. 16 On December 4, 1985, Ronald Reagan made a speech at F allston High School, Harford County, Maryland in which he told about his meeting with Gorbachev in Geneva, emphasizing on the swap of scientists, and officials between the U. S. A. and the U. S.
S. R. that he had discussed with Gorbachev. These swaps help people from two countries know each other and the intentions better: "I couldnt help but - when you stop to think that were all Gods children, wherever we live in the world, I couldnt help but say to him (Gorbachev) just how easy his task and mine might be if suddenly there was a threat to this world from some other species from another Source: web planet outside in the universe. Wed forget all the little local differences that we have between our countries and we would find out once and for all that we really are all human beings here on this Earth together.
Well I guess we can wait for some alien race to come down and threaten us, but I think that between us we can bring about that realization. " Negotiations about a global interdiction on ballistic missiles would demand the essential contribution to multilateral diplomacy beginning with the Washington and Moscow - when the United States are busy with Iraq and proceeding war with terror, and Russia - post communistic reforms and war in the Chechen Republic. From the very beginning there are high barriers on a way of these negotiations, barriers that arise at any negotiations which demands refusal of something important. In 1962 president John F. Kennedy said: "Huge resources of this planet are more and more directed to destruction instead of enriching the life of people, but our world did not intend to become prison in which the person expects execution." Today the approach of prevention of threat from ballistic missiles is simultaneously justified and vital. The world cannot wait for accidents from the applications of ballistic missiles in order to start acting persistently and with an invention.
After Reykjavik president Reagan was criticized from both political flanks in Washington, because he offered the direct method of liquidation of ballistic missiles. But the President still was right. It is necessary to destroy the missiles until they destroy us. 18 Source: web Sources web web web files. org web web web web web web web 11. web 12. web). 13.
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Research essay sample on Ballistic Missiles Ronald Reagan
