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Liberty, the Iraqi War, and the Global Economy The depth and breadth of Brian Tierney's understanding of European and American history is awe-inspiring. Tierney's double volume history of western civilization features literary classics, letters, biographies, chronicles, diaries, philosophic and scientific writings, and government records. Historian, philosopher, lawyer, Brian Tierney discusses the derivation of modern society or schools of thought in The idea of natural rights, Gerson, Concililarism, Corporatism, and Individualism. He develops the concept of natural rights though the Romantic Movement of the 19 th century when many writers rejected rationalistic natural rights theories of the enlightenment to emphasize different values. Tierney says Louis Dumont conceptualized the social whole and valor, and he subordinated the individual. The holistic vs.
the individualistic approach is a question of degree or which one is paramount at a given time. No society is entirely individualistic or holistic. Leo Straus theorized that the individual ego is the center and origin of the moral world. Gerson pioneered the theory of natural rights, a theory of right or reason and primal justice.
Christian values teach the inherent value of each individual and Gods unconstrained freedom and generosity. Though Tierney states Tuck is impossible to ground in thought or theory, he conceptualized Gerson's active vs. passive rights. The Council of Constance dealt with the schism to reform the head of the church and the members, as well as to defend the Catholic Church. Many lawsuits were brought at this time to test the excessive concentration of power in the pope of the church. Rights were spiritual, the human gift of reason, divine revealed, principles of good, and rules of conduct, with spiritual life renewed in the church.
A law of nature caused man to perfect himself. Brian Tierney discussed the innate right to liberty (Tierney, 1997) or ius vs. dominion. Issues of right and dominion concerned possessing things for use. Primary categories of thought were legal or political. Human rights implied both rights and duties.
People strive for salvation. Relief from poverty was considered a natural right. One person was a limb of the whole body. Philosophers experimented with thoughts.
Situating an ongoing societal issue or problem in its broader historical context is easy. The societal issue is liberty, the war in Iraq, and the economy. Applying Tierney and Scotts observations, "historical study helps us to not only understand present-day society, but to improve the present from lessons learned through history. By learning how social problems grew out of the life of the past, " we can devise better outcomes. Romanticism began in the early 19 th century, and it changed the way people perceived themselves and the world around them. Unlike Classicism, which internalized order, and established the foundation for architecture, literature, painting, and music.
Romanticism departed from the constricted, rational views of life, and concentrated on the emotional and sentimental aspect of humanity, which influenced political doctrines and ideology. Romanticism, in contrast to the ideas and harmony featured during the Enlightenment, grew concurrently with the Enlightenment. Romanticism concentrated on human diversity and looking at life in a new way. The combination of science and classicism created Romanticism and a new view of life valuing emotion more than reason.
The seeds of romanticism were planted in poetry, artwork, and literature. The Romantics turned to poetry before science to support their convictions. Romantics found the orderly, mechanistic view of the universe necessary for scientific inquiry, too narrow-minded, too systematic, or downright cruel in terms of emotional thoughts and feelings. The common themes in the contemporary social problem with historical war economies are widely separated both geographically and temporally. Charles Janes way Stille, Provost of the University of Pennsylvania in 1863, observed that war is entered with unreasoning enthusiasm, dazzling visions of national glory, and thoughts of the complete subjugation of the enemy. The public inevitably vents upon the government for failing to make their victory dreams a reality.
There is no series of brilliant triumphs in the field or profoundly wise policy. All wars consist of alternations of victory and disaster marred by blunders in government policy or military strategy. Denunciation of the government is an obstacle within the nation itself and the very nature of free government. The United States knows so little of the actual reality of war.
In invading Iraq, the United States with undying luster transferred the scene of the conflict and waged a war previously unimaginable. In dark hours we impatiently and ignorantly criticize the military operations and complain of the grievous financial ruin of the country. Results of the war are not equal to the high wrought extravagant expectations of the public believing that the real safety of the United States required destroying the terrorists in Iraq. The enormous outlay of the nations wealth is wholly unparalleled in history. No one pretends the expenditure is not appalling or unprecedented, but vast amounts have been raised from national resources far inferior to our own. England had a population of little more than half of the population of the United States at the start of the civil war.
England raised more than ninety million pounds sterling or 450 million dollars for commencing a war with France in 1808. During the commencement of the Spanish war, British exports sank from fifty-seven million dollars to 23 million dollars and debt increased more than one thousand million dollars during the Peninsular war. With taxation upon the absolute necessaries of life, livelihood could only be secured by the strictest industry. Public stocks sank to 65 percent of their pre-war value, and paper money depreciated. The British Bank was in a state of chronic suspension. Buying and selling of gold was prohibited with severe penalties.
Household income has gone down. Seven million more Americans do not have medical insurance. Another 3 million manufacturing jobs lost. The number of foreclosures doubled last year.
Gas prices doubled. College costs are exploding. Health care costs are skyrocketing. Deficit and debt are out of control. Steny Hoyer blames Republican policy, which he feels was deeply misguided. Furthermore, he states that budget cuts to such critical areas, as state and local law enforcement, health care, and veterans and military retirees are harmful.
Democrats offer a budget that invests in education, innovation, energy, and infrastructure (Hoyer, 2009). Economists agree getting out of this recession requires deficit spending. Spending would be irresponsible without a plan to restore fiscal health. Getting the budget under control requires hard choices, which are reflected in the Presidents budget.
Steny Hoyer knows that the economic crisis will not end overnight. He cites the former Presidents recklessness as the main reasons for the deep fiscal hole. The projected deficit for Fiscal Year 2009 is $ 10. 2 trillion. The record-shattering deficit is not only due to the former President, but is compounded by money spent to dig out of the economic mess. The national debt is now over $ 10 trillion.
Every year, hundreds of billions of dollars in interest have to be paid on it. The Republican legacy is large structural deficits for years to come. This painful legacy complicates our efforts to confront financial crisis and terrorists. On the individual level unchecked borrowing pays for unsustainable luxury today, but the bill comes tomorrow. Irresponsibility, public and private, erodes our standard of living and finally, our national security. Deficits and debt tie up huge amounts of capital on the individual and the collective level, and leaves our hands tied to mitigate a financial emergency or effect a better outcome.
The former President borrowed massive amounts of money, which was portrayed as necessary and acceptable. Republicans, according to Steny Hoyer (2009), have set a disastrous example for households and government, both living beyond their means. In a new era of responsibility, individual Americans need to take control of their own prosperity. Hard choices have to be made to restore balanced budgets. Developing a new business requires determination, courage, perseverance, and a willingness to learn, but anyone who can write New Years resolutions and balance a budget can draft a business plan. An executable plan can be completed to meet the goals and objectives within it, and it leads the entrepreneur to new opportunities.
Romanticism of the early 19 th century radically changed the way people perceived themselves and nature around them. Classicism stood for order and established architecture, literature, painting, and music. The characteristic attitudes of Romanticism indicated a deepened appreciation of the beauties of nature. A series of poems that examined the beauty of nature and explored the actions of people in natural settings by William Wordsworth were free, expressive, and without constraint.
His poems indicated a rebellion or distaste for political institutions or social conditions of the 19 th century. Romanticism exalted emotion over reason and the senses over intellect. G. W.
F. Hegel, a German philosopher, rejected the rational philosophy of the 18 th century because he believed in "Idealism." He started looking at life in terms of the importance of ideas, not through the narrow tunnel of materialism and wealth. He compared contemporary thought to historic events considering divergent points of view. His writing was not deeply infused by emotion or drama, nor was his writing strictly philosophic thought. Shakespeare's writing might have been the opposite extreme. Shakespeare embodied a heightened examination of human personality, its moods, and mental potentialities.
Shakespeare was not been fully appreciated during the 18 th century. His drama and expression were downplayed as fiction. The Enlightenment's ignored his narrow classical view of drama. Shakespeare exhibited a preoccupation with genius, the hero, or the exceptional figure, and focused on the passions and inner struggles of the hero or key figure through dramatizations of mundane events.
Shakespeare contributed the a new or romantic view of the artist as a supremely creative...
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