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Option Paper Abstract: There is ignorance about the health risks of tobacco. There is further darkness over the risks related to smoking women. It is not that men are spared but here we would deal only with smoking and women. Although there is heavy ponder over health issues like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, atherosclerosis and cancer.
How innocent our society is to ignore causes and trying to combat effects? Tobacco still remains to be one of the largest threats to health and most important etiology behind deadly diseases, some cited above. Volume of the problem The prevalence of smoking among women is like an iceberg. The women do not live for her but nature has endowed them capacity to give birth too. This small indication is enough to focus on the gigantic iceberg, which is less visible than actual size.
At present, an estimated 25 % of American women smoke. The bad news is that while boys and girls are equally likely to start smoking, the health implications for girls and women are worse. Symptoms of addiction can appear in young people within days or weeks after smoking first begins, well before daily smoking has started. The Surgeon Generals 2001 Report on Women and Smoking concludes that young women ages 18 to 24 were more likely than young men to report that they experienced symptoms of nicotine dependence. The introduction of womens cigarettes in the late 1960 s and early 1970 s coincided with sharp increases in the number of girls aged 12 - 17 who began smoking, according to the Surgeon Generals report. Virginia Slims successfully capitalized on the burgeoning womens movement with its slogan Youve come a long way, baby.
Between 1967 and 1973, smoking rates more than doubled among 12 -year-old girls. Cigarette marketers target girls in several ways. In addition to depicting women smokers as beautiful, independent and fun, cigarette advertisements continue to send the subliminal message that smoking helps a girl keep her weight down. Marketing cigarettes as slims or thins subtly reminds girls and women that smoking will help control weight. One study found that girls who dieted more than once per week were four times as likely to become smokers. Consequences Sadly, many women continue to smoke during pregnancy, despite known, widely publicized hazards to both the smoker and the fetus.
The carbon monoxide from tobacco use can reduce the amount of oxygen for the developing fetus and nicotine can reduce blood flow to the uterus. Pregnant women who smoke are more likely to experience life-threatening complications of pregnancy, such as premature labor. The Surgeon Generals Report on Women and Smoking concludes that 10 % of all infant deaths during pregnancy are linked to smoking. Pregnant women who smoke also increase the risk to their fetus for stillbirth, low birth weight, premature birth, and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Smoking has serious consequences over smokers own health.
It increases risks of respiratory diseases. Smoking is the most important cause of chronic bronchitis in the United States. The magnitude of the effect of cigarette smoking far outweighed all other factors leading to lung cancer. There has been a steep rise in death rate due to chronic obstructive lung diseases directly linked to smoking. Other factors such as occupational exposures, genetic factors, and air pollution levels, have been linked to development of obstructive airway disease, but cigarette smoking is a far more prevalent and important cause of respiratory disease and is, notably, a modifiable risk factor. In the United States, 43 % of children between 2 months to 11 years of age live in a home with at least one smoker.
Consequently 91 % of children have detectable levels of coining, a metabolite of nicotine, commonly used a s a marker of smoke exposure. A number of studies have shown that fetus exposure to smoke because of smoking in pregnancy leads to decreased lung function, airway obstruction and airway hyper responsiveness in the new born period. There are histopathology abnormalities due to smoking habits during pregnancy. Many studies have proved that children raised in the homes of smokers have respiratory illness throughout their life time than those raised in non smoking environment.
Smoke exposure has shown increased evidences of bronchial asthma born after a smoking mother. Cigarette smoking kills an estimated 178, 408 women in the United States annually. Women smokers who die of a smoking-related disease lose on average 14. 5 years of potential life. Women who smoke also have an increased risk for developing cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx (voice box), esophagus, pancreas, kidney, bladder, and uterine cervix. Women who smoke double their risk for developing coronary heart disease.
Postmenopausal women who smoke have lower bone density than women who never smoked. Women who smoke have an increased risk for hip fracture than never smokers. Cigarette smoking also causes skin wrinkling that could make smokers appears less attractive and prematurely old. The remedy The solution lies in the restoration of mother and motherhood in right shape.
The best step is to erect a firm law against it. The problem is not as superficial as it appears to be. Satan could tempt the first man and his wife and make them eat the forbidden fruit, against the command of god himself. Will any one be guided by the statutory warning that smoking is injurious to health? So the first culprit is the easy availability of these alluring fruits. It requires enactment of proper law.
The law must be raised in proper way and with mutual understanding. The auspiciousness of motherhood can be restored by mothers will only. It requires education at all steps. All the countries are involved in the production of these abominable drugs.
The law should define itself in such a way that its easy availability and road side puffs can be restrained. There must be some centers where cigarettes can be sold and should hold license from government. The dispenser must seek to not to dispense cigarettes to any minor or women. There should be counseling centers to train and counsel women and girls to quit habits by educating them of all possible hazards and its effect on children. When they realize that it is not heaven that they taste, but hell with all its horrors imperceptible, they will give up their habits. The government which is interested in collecting revenues in this market should make use of other policies to balance deficit.
After all there exists no state without its people. There are substitute drugs used in quitting smoking, should be liberalized by medical practitioners under law. There should be provision of treatment of underlying physical and psychological gradients. Ultimately the active women societies in America may question this law in view of their freedom and liberalization which had been gained after decades of revolutions should be answered under health reasons, the results of researches in this field.
And overall the fact which rides all the truth is that a woman is a woman. Her motherhood is above all serenity and compared to gods kingdom. That would always remain higher than their counterpart. Bibliography 1) 2001 Surgeon General's Report. Women and Smoking. Retrieved April 23, 2007 web 2) Morita K, Tsukamoto T, Name M, Noriyasu K, Inubushi M, Shiga T, Kate C, Kg Y, Tsutsui H, Tamaki N.
Smoking Cessation Normalizes Coronary Endothelial Vasomotor Response Assessed with 15 O-Water and PET in Healthy Young Smokers. J Nucl Med. 2006 Dec; 47 (12): 1914 - 1920. 3) Njolstad I, Arnesen E, Lund-Larsen PG. Smoking, serum lipids, blood pressure, and sex difference in myocardial infarction. A 12 -year follow-up of the Finn mark study. Circulation 1996; 93: 4506. 4) M. L.
Cote, S. L. R. Kardia, A. S. Wenzlaff, J.
C. Ruckdeschel, and A. G. Schwartz Risk of Lung Cancer Among White and Black Relatives of Individuals With Early-Onset Lung Cancer JAMA, June 22, 2005; 293 (24): 3036 - 3042. 5) C. -K. Toh and W. -T.
Lim. Lung cancer in never-smokers J. Clin. Pathol. , April 1, 2007; 60 (4): 337 - 340. 6) Susan Music, Gerard Silvestri. Smoking and pulmonary and credit vascular diseases. Clinics in chest medicine.
march 2000.
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