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Example research essay topic: Human Rights Violations Coca Cola - 2,485 words

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GLOBALISM AND HUMAN RIGHTS S. No HEADING PAGE NO 1 INTRODUCTION: 3 2 GLOBALIZATION 4 3 SOME ADVANTAGES OF GLOBALIZATION 6 4 LIMITATIONS: 7 5 GLOBALIZATION AND HUMAN RIGHTS ISSUES: 9 6 CONCLUSION: 12 7 BIBILIOGRAPHY 13 1. INTRODUCTION: Globalization refers to a world in which all countries and subjects are interlinked to international politics and economics either directly or indirectly. In other words, Globalization refers to a borderless world, a common trade market, zero tax, political co-cooperation across the countries and creating a new type of citizenship namely world citizenship.

International trade is being defined as the process through which goods and services, capital flow across borders and result in greater integration of economies and societies. The term Globalization refers to the mergers of national economies into a single worldwide system. Globalization has opened the markets, competition and the free flow of goods, services, capital and knowledge. Globalization brings faster growth, easier access to new technologies, cheaper imports and greater competition.

Globalization has shaped the world economy more efficient and has created millions of jobs as in the case of China and India. The value of international trade in goods and services is expected to $ 9 trillion in 2005, representing 25 % of World GDP. Five years earlier, this was $ 7. 4 trillion and 23 % of world output and $ 6. 23 trillion and 21 % of world out 10 years earlier. World Bank estimates that welfare gains by removing barriers to merchandise trade would amount to between $ 250 billion and $ 620 billion a year with developing countries sharing more than one third to on half of these gains mainly by opening their own markets. It is interesting to note that these gains are far more than annual flow of aid to these countries. These statistics have proved that removing of barriers to trade in services would swell the global welfare directly. 2.

GLOBALIZATION: Trade flows have been backed by inflow of foreign direct investment (FDI) as multi national companies wanted to locate their manufacturing units to sites that are close to their offshore markets. It is evident by practicing a free economy or economic reforms there by allowing foreign direct investments by a country will result in augment in domestic investment, improving efficiency and productivity. Openness to free capital flows may also increase opportunities for portfolio risk diversification and consumption smoothing through borrowing and lending. To promote globalization, World Trade Organisation was established on 1 st January, 1995 and about there are 140 members countries. The main object of WTO is to assist trade flow as freely as possible-so long as there are no disagreeable side-effects thereby eradicating impediments. World Trade Organisation (WTO) is the transformation of erstwhile General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade mainly to deal issues in International trade and have become one of the main globalization instruments.

The main aim of the WTO is to eradicate the barriers to the trade, liberalizing an ever increasing economic sectors like services and intellectual property which belong to the national domain and by shaping the economic policies of member countries. Due to various deliberations by member countries in the WTO, different tariffs and duties which are currently restricting trade between different economies were made uniform so that products remain competitive. The level of tariff to industrial products has been reduced from 40 % to 3. 8 % through resolutions in Geneva and Uruguay rounds which has facilitated the establishment of a transnational economy. WTO has achieved a uniform customs duties and easing of import restriction in about 149 member countries which ensures the stability and foreseeable commercial operations in International trade. International trade is being defined as the process through which goods and services, capital flow across borders and result in greater integration of economies and societies. Globalization or Liberalization of international trade is a process where the sovereignty of a nation is shared and has increased the standard of living and rapid growth in the GDP of that nation.

Advancement in Information technology is another key driver of globalization. This has helped to greater access to information and knowledge, the raw materials, reduction in cost to consumers. Firms which are innovative and competitive are most beneficiaries of globalization whether they are big or small; size is not the matter of concern. It has paved the way for smaller companies to enter to the world market. As competition keeps the prices at a normal level; the consumer is much benefited because of globalization. Through the integration of currency, bond and share markets, globalization brings more productive allocation of savings and investment resources.

Globalization fosters economic growth, increased trade and investments which result in more environment friendly efficient technologies particularly in developing countries. Globalization creates more diversity thereby integrating markets, making product and services universally available and increases the consumers choice. It also creates millions of job opportunities. Multinational Companies who invest in developing countries pay higher salaries than local firms; create new jobs at a faster rate. 3. SOME ADVANTAGES OF GLOBALIZATION Augments the free trade between countries. Companies are empowered to operate across borders.

Information technology advancement makes the globe as a village Easy and speedy flow of information across borders. Created a borderless globe for business community. Easy and faster transportation, Reduction of tension and avoidance of likelihood of nuclear war between developed nations because of their business interest. Awareness in environmental protection. Further WTO is emphasizing transparency in trade agreements and is a must for generating a climate attractive for inducing inflows of FDI. Ensuring Transparency in International commercial treaties, WTO requires such treaty include three core basic requirements. 1.

Making information of relevant laws, regulations and other policies publicly available. 2. Notifying interested parties of relevant laws and regulations and of changes to them, 3. Ensuring that laws and regulations are administered in a uniform, impartial and reasonable way. 4. LIMITATIONS: It is alleged that WTO has become puppet of the economically strong nations which inherently dominating the negotiations which is not accepted by developing and least developed countries. Another allegation against WTO is that it dictates its trade policy on its member states and preaches free trade policy at any cost. For example, some developing countries have alleged that rules like enforcing the cutting down of subsidies in agricultural exports where the economy of such country being agricultural oriented leads to unfair disadvantages to those countries.

The dominance of trade hegemonic such as US, EU and Japan in the WTO is one of the main concerns of developing and under developed members. Many developing countries recognize WTO as a threat but there are also certain advantages exist. Because of WTO agreements, underdeveloped countries have access to generic versions of patented drugs at a relatively cheaper cost. Next comes the strengthening and developing trade rules is vital to improve the security of market access and establish favorable climate for trade and long-term capital flows. The trade rules in particular anti dumping and other safeguard measures and health and safety standards need to be clarified and strengthened in areas susceptible to capture by protectionist interests. A powerful dispute settlement mechanism is to be provided to safeguard the weak against the strong.

The policies on investment and competition policy have to be drafted afresh especially by the developing countries. Sound macro economic and financial policies and financial market stability is to be achieved by the WTO by resorting to open markets system and by strengthening the trade rules. One of the allegations against TRIMS by member states is that predicament posed by trade from multi national companies resorting to transfer pricing, restrictive business methods and other unfair practices. 5 GLOBALIZATION AND HUMAN RIGHTS ISSUES: Human rights refer right to liberty, life and security of ones person, the right to freedom from inhuman and torture, or inhuman treatment, parity before law, freedom of assembly and expression, freedom from prejudice, the right to education, work, health care, right to self determination, favorable and just remuneration for work, right to be the members of the trade union for collective bargaining and right to have fair and just public hearings. Further member states should assure fundamental rights to its subjects which includes free from hunger, right of workers to earn a fair remuneration and to assure healthy and safe working environment. It also creates millions of job opportunities. Multinational Companies who invest in developing countries pay higher salaries than local firms; create new jobs at a faster Globalization may undermine the workers rights or it may enhance poverty and TRIPS under WTO may crush on the rights of the HIV-infected individuals.

On the other hand, some supporters of globalization argue that globalization may enhance the human welfare and human rights like good pay, good standard of living etc. Further, the WTO prescribes certain basic rights to be enjoyed by the subjects of the member states like rights to be heard, the right to reasoned opinions, right to access to documents, parity before law, right to challenge the judgments and unbiased judges. GATT requires its member states responsibility to protect objectives other than trade, mainly through Article XX which provides as follows: That nothing shall be construed to prevent the adoption or enforcement by any contracting party of measures -- - necessary to protect public morals -- -- health conservation of exhaustible natural resources and measures essential to the -- - distribution of products in -- - short supply -- - or relating to the products of prison labor... It is to be noted that major proposals regarding human rights and WTO can be deduced by the possible expansion of Article XX. Some critics argue that liberalization without removal of conditions of extreme poverty will not attract or invite worthwhile private investment in developing countries.

But some argue that globalization lessen inequality and augment standard of living. Multinational companies in poor countries normally take the benefit of low pay, low cost inputs. Further, in Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam, there were human rights violations of children and other workers. Under the GATT, with the help of Article XX, will the industrialized countries prevent exploitation of young workers? Further can trade sanctions be imposed on countries which practice egregious human exploitation? Thus such countries should be urged to incorporate the ILO standards for extending just human rights to its working force.

South Africans suffering from AIDS/ HIV will illustrate the problem more aptly. For instance, GlaxoSmithKline, a MNC, holds the patent for AIDS drug. But this patented drug approximately cost around $ 10000 per patient per annum. It is said no individual or the South African government itself doesnt have financial capabilities to buy the same. South African companies can not manufacture and sell it cheaply because as it does not have patent and it is protected under TRIPS.

TRIPS can be given an elucidation compassionate to considerations of dire health needs. Some critics feel that it is ripe time for infusing rights into WTO Law. Thus WTO should cognize the universal recognition of human rights in modern international law. Thus globalization of trade cannot remain successful without related globalization of legal and institutional guarantees of individual freedom, unbiased rule of law, easy access to judiciary system and democratic government.

Thus WTO is still to be sanctified by including principles like good governance, democratic access and due process. Recently several universities, including the University of Michigan, suspended contracts with Coca Cola on campuses (Dump Coke at U of M, 2005). While several reasons are given for the suspension of contacts at the campuses including human rights violations. Yielding to the student campaign which lasts more than a year, the University of Michigan's suspended the contract temporarily with Coca-Coal from January 1, 2006.

The University of Michigan's Dispute review Board since April, 2005 recommended that the contract with Coco-Cola be suspended if corrective measures were not carried by certain deadlines. The main findings against coca-cola that it involved in human rights violation in Turkey. The increase in the presence of multinational corporations in Southeast Asia has resulted in human rights violation along the Mexican border and still beyond. The countries which have embraced the democracy recently like Russia, Southeast Asia, and Latin America have weedy institution and elite -controlled economies, the expansion of global market and free economic flows generally result in destabilization of coercive forces but increase corruption and authoritarian abuses. For instance, some of the most horrendous abuses of all have occurred in the trans nationalized were the civil wars of Angola, Sierra Lone and the Congo. Some believe that new global human rights mechanisms like multinational NGO campaigns will be more apt mechanism against multinational actors like MNCs. 6.

CONCLUSION: Now time has come to integrate the democratic values and process rights more decisively into the institution of WTO. The success of the concept WTO depends upon how WTO engages questions of human rights / human welfare where it needs most. If WTO without human rights touch and practice apartheid policy towards values and issues that interact with trade will be regarded as an organization not robust for the 21 st Century. Thus the improvement of human rights demands fortifying the existing mechanisms to tackle new challenges and to address the increasing influence of human rights on globalization.

Thus enhancing the awareness and the analysis of links between different kinds of rights, the distinctive aspects and implications of globalization and the novel methods of communications and governance necessary to meet the new disputes. Thus efforts should be taken to usher utmost importance to human rights issues in the process of globalization by extending just pay, non exploitation of child labour, good working standards, extending apt medical facilities, looking after the welfare of the working class after they retire from services like pension, annuity etc. The Trade has been vested with onerous responsibility not only to maximize its profits under globalization but also to address seriously human rights concerns and create an apt environment for addressing working force human rights issues. 7. BIBILIOGRAPHY: Brysk, Alison, and Gershon Shafir, eds.

People out of Place: Globalization, Human Rights, and the Citizenship Gap. New York: Routledge, 2004. Brysk, Alison, ed. Globalization and Human Rights. Berkeley, CA: University of California UP, 2002. Falk, Richard. "Human Rights. " Foreign Policy Mar. -Apr. 2004: 18 +.

Falk, Richard. Human Rights Horizons: The Pursuit of Justice in a Globalizing World. New York: Routledge, 2000. Flere, Series. "Human Rights and the Ideology of Capitalist Globalization: A View from Slovenia. " Monthly Review Jan. 2001: 52. Great head, Scott. "The Multinational and the "New Stakeholder": Examining the Business Case for Human Rights. " Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 35. 2 (2002): 719 +. Singh, Anita Index. "Diversity, Human Rights and Peace. " UN Chronicle June-Aug. 2001: 36 +.

World Forum against Globalization. " Manila Bulletin 24 Jan. 2005: NA.


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Research essay sample on Human Rights Violations Coca Cola

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