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... sance-free continuation rights (North Carolina, South Carolina, Alabama). In Michigan, a number of local approaches have also been documented (Harvey and Lohr 1992). This includes treating "traditional" farms using existing agricultural zoning while establishing ordinances setback limits for manure from neighboring non-farm residences, wells and roads for larger operations in the range of 300 - 500 animal units (Caldwell 1998). The Journal of the American Planning Association listed many assessments on the rights, as well as the appropriate regulations producers have in the use of their land for development and industry up to 1991. Which are given as follows: Jurisdictional constraints: Municipalities are subject to policy and legislation adopted by the province and are thereby constrained in the types of by-laws that can be passed.
Public rights. Farmers are entitled to farm with minimal interference subject to compliance with appropriate local, provincial and federal requirements. Enforcement issues. The adoption and implementation of any by-law must be in keeping with the financial and human resources of the municipality to implement it. Public and political support. The successful implementation of by-laws will largely depend on public and farm support.
Municipalities must work to develop support from all sectors. Protecting agriculture and maintaining competitiveness. Municipalities need to recognize that by-laws that unduly restrict the ability of agriculture to evolve, or establish unrealistic financial impediments may affect the competitiveness of agriculture and contribute to a declining agricultural sector (Daniels 421 - 431). Is there an adequate and appropriate land base for the proper disposal of manure? Are farmers properly storing, handling and transporting manure and if not are they contributing to the contamination of our streams and groundwater? How should we approach livestock operations on small acreage?
How should we handle existing problems? Should farmers be allowed to convey lands they are currently using for manure disposal? Are livestock operations simply getting too large? Are separation distances between farm and non-farm uses adequate?
How should we address issues of air quality? What is the appropriate balance between provincial and local action? Are we forcing small producers out of production by allowing large ones? Is manure production exceeding the environment's capacity (land and water) for safe assimilation? While many of these questions require answers outside the realm of traditional land use planning, it is highly probable that continued changes in agriculture, combined with an evolving rural community will dictate the need for a more formal land use planning response (Daniels 421 - 431). We need fair and effective balance between agriculture, the environment and community.
Although some of the following proposals have already been implemented, they collectively represent a coordinated approach that is intended to be fair to the livestock industry, while at the same time recognizing the "new face" in the next century (Daniels 421 - 431). Suggested solutions: 1) A land-use planning program that gives priority to agriculture. 2) A public process. 3) Research and quality information. 4) A regulatory approach. Development rights. windbreaks wherever possible the barn should be located downwind from neighbors the livestock facilities should be sited to take advantage of landscape and geographic features (example, natural screening, buffers, etc. ) exhaust fans should be located to minimize their impact on neighbors facilities should be situated in recognition of environmental features-they should be as far as possible from water courses and located to minimize the potential for accidental contamination. 5) National and international standards (Daniels 421 - 431). As we move into the next century it is clear that both rural communities and the meat production industry will continue to evolve and change. Current and anticipated future trends suggest that these changes will be dictated by public demand.
The actual policies, which are adopted in response to concerns about livestock manure, will likely vary across the country, reflecting different attitudes towards agriculture and livestock (Daniels 421 - 431). These differences reflect the nature and extent of the livestock industry, the role of agriculture within the local economy, the relative presence of non-farm development, the community's experience with agriculture, and the local environment. Is difficult to address issues of management or respond to an existing situation, land use planning can be used as a tool to guide the continued development of the livestock industry. In this process there is much to be lost or much to be gained. At the other extreme, communities and the livestock sector have the opportunity to work together to develop an approach that is fair and equitable, resulting in a vibrant livestock industry that is able to make a positive contribution to the community (Caldwell 1998). More still needs to be done, and the apparent need for these changes in our views toward the environment are unprecedented.
Previous efforts though worthwhile and well intended have not made enough progress toward clear solutions to the ever-growing problems, and it seems that although we take one step forward, we sometimes take two steps back. As a result of this improved awareness big businesses have adapted environmentalism as both good politics and good business. These environmentally friendly business practices are paramount in all endeavors of our society both socially and economically. Good business practices is an understatement, which would be better termed as essential business practices; since when has the alternative of self-destructive practices been good for business.
An ecologist once stated that everything is connected. The truth of this rule of ecology as stated has been proven time and time again. We are connected to the environment like a suckling calf to its mother, never to be weaned. How many hamburgers can we then cut from our suckling mother before the tit runs dry and we inevitably perish? Works Cited Brown, Lester R. Meat Production Growth Slows.
Vital Signs. Ed. Starke, Linda. New York: Norton, 1997. Caldwell, Wayne J. Land Use Planning, the Environment, and Siting Intensive Livestock Facilities in the 21 st Century.
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. 53. 2 (1998): 22 Feb. 2000 < web Daniels, T. L. The Purchase of Development Rights. Journal of the American Planning Association. 57 (1991): 421 - 431. Durning, Alan B. , and Holly B. Brough.
Til the Cows Come Home. The Worldwatch Paper. 103 (1991): 40 - 47. Fitzhugh, H. A.
Competition Between Livestock and Man for Nutrients. Feeding a World Population of More Than Eight Billion People. Eds. J.
C. Waterloo, D. G. Armstrong, Leslie Folder, Ralph Riley.
New York: Oxford, 1998. Gillen, Robert L. Agronomy of Grassland Systems. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Gunter, Stacey A. , F.
Ted Mc Cullum III, Robert L. Gillen. Forage Intake By and Site And Extent of Digestion or Plains Bluestem Pasture Throughout the Summer. Journal of Animal Science. 75 (1997): 23 Feb. 2000 < web gale group. Com. /> . Hamburg, N.
Indicators of Resource Use and Environmental Impact for Use in a Decision Aid for Danish Livestock Farmers. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 76 (1999) 17 - 30. Harris, Marvin. and Eric B. Ross. Food and Evolution.
Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1987. Harvey, L. and L. Lohr. Regulations and laws affecting livestock facilities. Journal of the American society of Agricultural Engineers. (1992): 23 Feb. 2000 < http: // web 7.
info rac. gale group. Com/> . Humphrey, Robert R. Arizona Range Grasses. Tucson: The University of Arizona Press, 1970.
Joining, Timothy E. , and Alex F. Mc Calla. Imperfect Markets in Agricultural Trade. New Jersey: Allen Held, Osmium & Co.
Publishing, 1981 Korevaar, H. Impact of Intensive Livestock & Poultry Farms on the Environment. Livestock and Poultry Operations for the 21 st Century. Ed. Munroe, J.
A. Ottawa: Canadian Agri-Food Research Council, 1999. Large, Frances Moore, Joseph Collins, and Cary Fowler. Food First. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1977.
Martin, Atherton E. Development Alternative Through the Transformation of Agriculture. Growing our future. Eds. Smith, Katie, Tetsunao Yamamori. West Hartford: Kumari an Press, 1992.
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Research essay sample on The Meat Production Industry And Concerns For Environment
