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An Investigation into the Structure of Gogol's The Portrait Gogol's The Portrait, is a short story which examined through a formalistic approach, can be understood beyond its obvious storyline and plot. Formalism is the literary theory that literature is not simply a mass of words, but comprised of individual words that each may possess a social stereotype, a spiritual aspect or convey a physical response in the reader. Formalism asserts that the world is full of codes that need to be decoded. By investigating these codes, one can understand the world or in this scenario, the literary message better. These codes in literature, must appear as defamiliarzied or distorted in literature. Everyday aspects of life outside of their average element, still maintain their same definition but bring that very definition to a different context, thus enabling one to see that original definition in a new light and indeed, apply it to elucidate other situations similar or completely dislike to the primary one.
The Portrait can be completely and logically dissected by formalistic methods. I will concentrate on Part I of this short story (solely concerning Chartkov), to produce a more concentrated and concise Formalists took the power of the word to the next level, by seeing that the word can be used as a tool, to educate and better the masses, or for pure propagandist purposes. Art, according to the formalists, "not only bears meaning, it forces an awareness upon the reader. " This awareness is dependent upon the accepted and expected produced images of the words in literature. These images transcend time and place; " images change little, from century to century... they flow on without changing... images belong to no one. " Thereby, in making these familiar images seem strange, the reader perceives it in an entirely new way.
A formalist approach to the opening of The Portrait, entails the story's usage of a semi-immediate exposition as opposed to an immediate exposition. Within the latter exposition, "the author opens by acquainting us with the elements of the story material. " The beginning of The Portrait is very close to being defined as purely immediate but the storyline is not as simple. Therefore it would be characterized as a semi-exposition. The reader is presented with the character of the artist, a poor young idealist man and his environment, which sets the scene for the development of the story. The artist is described as having an "old overcoat and unfashionable... he was a man who devoted himself to his work with self-denying zeal. " The poverty of the artist, invokes feelings of sympathy in the reader.
These emotions of sympathy are expected and are manipulated by the author for his own use. In particular, the choice of the author for a poor character, resulting in sympathetic emotions is a purposeful one, from a formalist perspective. "The function of sympathy is primarily to direct interest and maintain attention-to call forth, as it were, the personal interest of the reader in the development of the theme. " The reader, in having emotionally invested in the character, is irrevocably attracted to the story. Chartkov purchases a portrait, which the reader knows he cannot afford, for its glaring eyes with its "unnatural loveliness. " Already the reader knows the unusual importance of this portrait, if anything merely by the implications created by the semi-exposition itself. Indeed, this portrait and namely its eyes, develops into the dynamic motif of the story. But for the moment, Gogol puts the portrait aside and concentrates more upon the After the purchase of the portrait, Chartkov is dismayed by the knowledge that his landlord came earlier that day with a policeman, to collect his overdue rent. At this point in the story, Gogol chooses to introduce a new and current emotional predicament.
The reader, now educated as to the emotional and intellectual state of the character, can now be subjected to new emotional situations concerning Chartkov. The reader can infer the limitations and capabilities of his emotional state and therefore share some psychological insight into Chartkov's The relationship between Chartkov and the reader, can be observed as direct characterization at the outset of the story, and indirect characterization during the latter part. This direct characterization is demonstrated by Gogol's usage of the stereotypical image of an artist; one is who is impoverished, idealistic and somewhat disillusioned. Indirect characterization is the display of Chartkov's persona through conversations and specific situations, i.
e. the interaction with the man in the portrait and the usage of money he finds later is. Chartkov's bound motif of his struggle of what is right and what is wrong concerning his artwork, indeed involves the reader's feelings. He is faced with the predicament of producing art for economic gain and fame, or pursuing art for the pure desire of wanting to enhance his abilities. Chartkov exclaims his frustration by exclaiming, "Why do I trouble myself and burden myself like a student learning his (his professor's) ABC's when I might be no less famous than the rest of them and make as much money as they do?" The reader sees this struggle of character and personal ideology. The reader can philosophize as to the benefits of living one's life according to idealistic purposes.
The formalist, here, has triumphed in asserting the literature can be used as a tool to educate the One of the greatest examples of de familiarization occurs during the dream sequence which occurs directly after the purchasing of the portrait. Chartkov has a series of dreams in which he repeatedly wakes up, tries too discern if he is awake and dreams again. Gogol makes the line between dreams and reality hazy. This de familiarization causes the reader to not perceive what is real and not real anymore. Indeed, "because he dreams he is awakes, the horror of the dream becomes reality itself. " This confusion, however, serves a dual purpose by not only establishing the scene for the next event, but in conditioning the reader to accept more of these bizarre occurrences with greater ease.
In essence, it is desensitizing the reader to further abstractions. Gogol returns to the dynamic motif of the portrait by having Chartkov interact with the man in the portrait and confiscating a portion of the man's fortune, which in itself is a dream, but is discovered later in reality inside the picture frame. The discovery of the money, becomes the dynamic motif of the story, since "it destroys the initial peaceful situation. " Perhaps the initial situation here was not peaceful, but the resulting greed, destruction off Chartkov's artistic ability and his eventual demise, demonstrate the disruptive attributes of the fortune. Indeed, the portrait, those mysterious eyes and the money, all are one combined dynamic motif.
The clash of his new found fortune with the societal idealistic portrayal of an impoverished artist, creates an exciting force which inevitably results in per piety. The money moves Chartkov from one economic circumstance to another elevated one. He buys a new apartment and extravagantly furnishes it. His life changes as he advertises himself in the paper, achieves a social life and a place for himself in society.
His life outside of his apartment can be termed a free motif, but the composition of the apartment itself is important to the story. A formalist would deem this description as a free motif, but I assert that such detail can be most helpful in engendering a firm foundation for the theme to continue its development. The struggle of Chartkov's past absence of money and his decision as to how to use those funds creates intrigue. The intrigue extends to his painting not what he sees but what his clients want. This intrigue is clearly demonstrated by his commission to paint the portrait of an aristocratic girl. He paints, however, two portraits; one portrait that the mother of the girl approves of and one of an altered picture of psyche.
The mother discovers the psyche version and believing it to be the original, extols it greatly. Chartkov and the mother consequently engage in a conversation of the deaf, where "one interlocutor keeps repeating a word or phrase that the other hears imperfectly or not at all. " This device used by Gogol, certainly has a humorous aspect, but it alerts the reader as to how people can be discussing the same object but really are not. Thus de familiarization has great intellectual ramifications indeed. This device demonstrates how the reader is not merely spoon fed information but are left to make sense of the abstract and devise their own answers. This method of abstractions and distortions, indeed allow readers to think for themselves. therefore it is not surprising that by 1930, the formalist writer's were silenced since it easier to dominate a people who do not think for themselves but instead absorb propaganda.
At this point in the story, the reader and / or formalist critic can observe that this is a story of omniscient narration, where the narrator "knows everything, including the hidden thoughts of the characters. " Despite the omniscience of the narrator, The Portrait is an objective tale. The narrator does not act as a character in the story. The style of narration here is complicated and similar to The Brothers Karamazov, where "the narrator is presented as a witness... does not appear in the novel and the entire story is told objectively. " This objectivity further allows the reader to become an active participant in the intellectual process through every new development which creates compositional motivation. In this story, compositional motivation serves as the connecting thread of its motifs.
This motivation is recurrent throughout the story, since "no episode is without influence on the situation. " Indeed, the content of The Portrait strongly depends and develops upon its themes and actions. This compositional motivation is fostered accordingly by the dynamic place of action. A dynamic place of action, is one in which the setting for the story is altered. The "rags to riches, " motif certainly can be deemed as dynamic whereas the direct characterization of Chartkov results in a mostly static character. He is aware of how money would effect his career, but he still chooses to use it. Chartkov's static nature, implements the mask device as all developments coincide with his persona.
This device elucidates three major motifs I observed in the story being: gold (money), misconception of reality and obsession. The advantages and disadvantages of wealth, whether it be a moral statement by Gogol or not, is recurrent throughout the story. Chartkov's misconceptions of reality surface within his perceptions of success, during the dream sequence and towards the end of his life, when he believes that he can gain back a long expired talent and destroy all other works that surpass his. Finally, the motif of obsession ties the other two motifs together in that he desires that which is detrimental and will destroy him. The summation of the motifs in The Portrait, create one common leitmotif in modern literature. This leitmotif is of a human's tendency to worship that which is nonsensical or worthless which result in one's personal shortcomings or a life tainted by evil.
This leitmotif is found in The Nose, by the worship of vanity, prestige, and in The Overcoat, by the worship of social acceptance and success. Certainly, this leitmotif is one of the most commonly found in literature. Gogol absolutely left his everlasting mark upon literature. His innovation of adding psychological factors into his literature, not only developed a new literary style for Russian literature, but for the literature of the world. Bibliography:
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