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Russia was the most backward of the 19 th century major powers (had little industry, an autocratic gov. w/ no constitution and mainly an illiterate peasant pop. ) Brought the Crimean War (against Franco-British forces) to an end. Instituted Liberalization processes Edict of Emancipation (1861): peasants had no obligations to nobles / peasants were given 50 % of the agric. land / the nobles were compensated through taxes for the loss of land / the commune (Mir) became a basis for tax collection & distribution of land The establishment of the Zemstvo, which was elected local councils with the resp. for collecting taxes, building projects, levying rates Trial by jury (in public) was introduced / censorship lessened Town councils were established (1870) The army was reformed (conscription for all classes 1870), service time was reduced, and training and education facilities were improved. The national budget became subject to audit and transparency / a state bank was established. (transparency was not extended to the national gov.
and the Czar remained an autocrat) Social protest: The Populist (mainly students and intellectuals) / in 1866 a student attempted to assassinate the Czar 224; tighter control of education / reduction in # of poor at Univ's. / increased censorship / power of Zemstvo reduced / increased activity of the Secret police / political trials were taken to military court. The Land and Liberty Party rebellion from below (the peasants) led by the anarchist Michael Bakunin Evaluation of his reign: Serfdom was ended Reduction in the power of nobles Develop. of industry. Failure to carry out political change 224; basis for revolution
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