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International Law The United Nations United Nations Peacekeeping is the most prominent U. N. activity. The blue helmets on the front lines of conflict on four continents are a symbol of the United Nations commitment to international peace and security. They come from some 65 countries, representing more than 35 percent of the membership. Peacekeeping is a United Nations invention.
It was not specifically defined in the charter but evolved as a non coercive instrument of conflict control at a time when Cold War constraints prevented the Security Council from taking the more forceful steps permitted by the charter. Thirteen peacekeeping operations were established between 1948 and 1978. Five of them remain in existence, and are between 14 and 44 years old. Peacekeeping has sometimes proved easier than the complementary function of peacemaking.
This shows that peacekeeping, by itself cannot provide the permanent solution to a conflict. Only political negotiation can do that. The different modes of peacekeeping have had far-reaching implications for the way in which U. N. operations are organized and conducted. In internal conflicts, or in interstate conflicts, where one or other of the governments is not in a position to exercise full authority over territory nominally under its control, not all the parties are governments.
As a result, the peacekeepers have had to learn how to deal with a multiplicity of authorities. The leaders of such groups are often inaccessible and their identity even un known; chains of command are shadowy; armed persons who offend against agreements signed by their supposed leaders are disowned; discipline is nonexistent or brutal. And everywhere there is an evil and uncontrolled proliferation of arms. The proliferation of institutions that characterize U. N.
work in the economic, social and environment fields has been another product of previous decades. Member states often pressed for measure on a piecemeal basis. Bureaucracies were sometimes set up as substitutes for problem-solving and served, in some cases, to camouflage problems rather than expose them to serious attention. The International Court of Justice The International Court of Justice or the World Court is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations. The headquarters is located at the Peace Palace in The Hague, Netherlands. It began its work in 1946 and it succeeded the Permanent Court of International Justice.
The Statute of the International Court of Justice is the main constitutional document constituting and regulating the Court. Its judicial activity is vase and its main functions are settling of legal disputes and giving advisory opinions on some legal questions. This body has been giving increasing help to developing countries. Composed of 15 permanent judges who are elected by the UN General Assembly and the UN Security Council. The judges can deliver joint judgments or they can also give their own opinions on a case. In case there is equal division, decisions and the advisory opinions happen when the Presidents Advisory Opinions are taken by majority and in case of an equal division, it is the Presidents vote that becomes decisive.
World Trade Organization In the website of the WTO it is mentioned that the WTO is the only worldwide organization that deals with the rules of trade between nations. The very essence of this organization is the trade agreement that its brokers base their decisions between most of the worlds trading nations which are also ratified by the governments of these countries. The ultimate goal of the WTO is to assist producers of goods and services, as well as exporters and importers conduct their businesses progressively. The WTO first came into existence on January 01, 1995. It was created during the Uruguay Round of negotiations between 1986 and 1994.
As of December 2005, there are 149 nations under the WTO, and its current Director General is Pascal Lamy. In the same website, it is stated that the WTO is the successor of the General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade, which was also created in 1950 for the purpose of undertaking the creation of an international trading system that would lead to prosperity and growth. The initial rounds of negotiations of the GATT dealt with tariff restrictions, and to date the WTO has focused lately on anti-dumping and non-tariff measures. In the last round of negotiations in the WTO was formally created as the international regulating body with respect to trade. In 1997, 40 governments signed an international trade agreement on Information Technology, and in the same year, these same governments signed liberalization agreements on the same products and services. In the same year, the WTO was able to broker an international financial services deal covering 95 % of trade agreements on banking, insurance and other financial services.
In 2000, new talks were held on agriculture and its auxiliary services. This formed the main agenda of the Doha Round of Talks held on November 2001, and is known as the Doha Development Agenda (DDA). The other topics of the DDA are on non-agricultural tariffs, trade and environment, anti-dumping subsidies, investment, competition policy, trade facilitation and intellectual property. In still the same website, the main functions of the WTO are: administering WTO trade agreements; acts as a forum for trade negotiations; monitors all trade policies in effect; provides technical assistance and training for developing countries; cooperates with other international agencies in any way it can The desired end result of the activities of the WTO is the assurance to both consumers and producers that they can have secure supplies of commodities and services, greater choice of finished products, and components of raw materials and services when needed, and also an assurance to producers that they know that there will be an endless list of foreign markets open to them. Member nations who encounter any violations of the trade agreements or of any principle of trading under the WTO may bring their grievances to the Dispute Settlement Body, or the DSB.
The settlement of disputes in the WTO has gained strength in the years following the inception of the organization as now, there are fixed timetables set for the settlement of these disputes. Many prominent proponents of free trade reveal the benefits of such: first of all, countries are exposed to an increased variety of goods, which are produced at lower costs due to economies of scale (since there is a greater demand for these goods). Secondly, increased competition brings about more competitively-priced goods, which benefit the consumer. Lastly, there is an improved exchange or flow of ideas the transfer of technological advances takes place (Mankiw, 20014, p. 189).
As can be seen from the functions of the WTO mentioned above, this organization acts as a regulator of business in the global marketplace. This is so that no entity, government or individual profits illegally out of doing business. The WTO also regulates the granting of import licenses by assisting governments in the formulation of their own policies with regards to regulating importers. One issue that the WTO watches out for closely is smuggling, and it hopes that by reducing tariffs and trade barriers, the temptation to participate in smuggling activities will be eliminated. Therefore in the process of reducing tariffs and trade barriers, the WTO is creating market access for goods worldwide. The legitimate flow of goods across geographical boundaries is easier to monitor.
The WTO also hopes that governments will get rid of the subsidies countries give to certain sectors of agriculture and industry. Subsidies provide for unfair competition as the subsidized goods and services compete against those goods and services that have been produced legitimately and without any preliminary compensation for them (WTO 2006). REFERENCES International Court of Justice. Accessed 3 August 2006 at: web Mankiw, G. (2004). Principles of Economics.
Thomson Southwestern: Connecticut. WTO. (2006). What is the WTO, Accessed 3 August 2006 at: web
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