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... he proclamation of the doctrine of Papal Infallibility. Over eight hundred Catholic theologians, researchers of religious ideas, and other experts were called to Rome to prepare for the event. Thousands of documents were reviewed, topics for discussion were looked at and an agenda was made.
The Pope declared that he hoped the council would be an updating of the Church. The Council met on October 11, 1962. There were over twenty-five hundred bishops and heads of religious orders present. Each man brought an expert in religion with him. In his opening speech, the Pope condemned the attitude of some of his advisors, who regarded eth modern world as corrupt and degenerating, and saw little hope for eth future.
He proclaimed that the purpose of the council was to explore eth meaning of Christianity for the modern world. He also proclaimed a spirit of charity toward non-Catholics and even non-Christians, thus in effect endorsing the Ecumenical Movement which had been doubtful in the Church before his speech. Throughout the council, eth strength of eth Church was questioned and many controversial issues were addressed. The definition of the Church as the People of God, not primarily a hierarchical structure but a community of individuals sharing the same beliefs was changed. This council changed eth face of the Catholic Church too much of what it is today.
The Church was modernized in many ways and became much more approachable by doubtful individuals. There were many other major historical events in the nineteen sixty's. These major affairs are as follows; In 1960, France became the fourth nation to acquire atomic capability. The United States, Great Britain, and the U.
S. S. R. already had this advantage. France exploded a nuclear device in the Sahara Desert.
In 1961, the Berlin wall was built to prevent war from breaking out between Russia and the other inhibitors of Berlin. In 1961, Yuri Gagarin was the first man to travel into space. He was a Russian Astronaut. In 1961, Bob Dylan, originally Robert Zimmerman, was discovered singing in Green which Village by Columbia Records and produces his first album.
His songs become symbolic of the civil rights movement and the hippie culture. In 1962, American surveillance discovers Soviet missiles installed in Cuba, a stones throw away from the Florida coast. In the brief, tense standoff known as the Cuban Missile Crisis, the possibility of a nuclear war raises its head. In 1962, Algeria won its freedom from France. It had been an integral part of France since 1945. In 1962, the United Nations sends troops to control civil war in the Congo, after Katanga governor Tshombe rejects a peace plan and attempts to secede.
In 1963, scandal breaks out when Britains war minister, Lord John Dennis Profumo, is discovered to be sleeping with a call girl, Christine Keeler, who happens to also be intimate with a known Soviet spy. In 1963, The Beatles get their first U. S. rocknroll hit with I Wanna Hold Your Hand.
In 1964, Khrushchev's agricultural reforms fail and he is ousted from Soviet power and replaced as a premier by Aleksei Kosygin. In 1965, in fashion, the miniskirt, designed by Mary Quant, appears in London and will soon be all the rage. In 1966, France withdraws its troops from NATO and French President Charles De Gaulle advocates a Europeanized Europe free from American and Soviet intervention. In 1968, at age 29, Ralph Lauren founds what will become a fashion empire.
In 1968, on August 20 th to the 21 st, Russia invades Czechoslovakia in attempts to squash encouragement of other groups to revolt. Alexander Dubek had reformed the Czech government to an open-minded society. In 1969, French President Charles De Gaulle resigns from office after his proposal for regional reform was rejected by voters. 1 n 1969, the Woodstock Arts and Music Festival reigns for four days in the Catskill Mountains. Recreational drugs are widespread.
There were some major historical figures in the sixties in Europe. They are as follows; Charles De Gaulle was the President of France from 1958 to 1969. He led France in their atomic advances as well as removing troops from NATO. He strived fro a Europe independent from American and Soviet influence. He resigned from office in 1969. Nikita Khrushchev was eth Premier of the Soviet Union throughout the majority of eth sixties.
He held office during the Cuban Missile Crisis and during the building of eth Berlin Wall. Konrad Adenauer was the Chancellor of eth Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) during the issue of eth Berlin Wall. Walter Ulbricht was the Chairman of the Council of State of the German Democratic Republic (Head of East Germany). He is responsible for decisions concerning the Berlin Wall and Russias invasion of Czechoslovakia. Willy Brandt was the Mayor of West Berlin during the issue of the Berlin Wall construction and the events leading up to it. Youssef Ben Khedda was the Prime minister of the Provisional Government.
He was leader of Algeria when it revolted against France. John F. Kennedy was the thirty-fifth President of the United States. He dealt with advancing the space age and refused Khrushchev's first attempts to deal with the issue of fleeing East Germans that led up to the construction of the Berlin Wall.
Pope John XXIII, whos real name was Angelo Roncalli, was the Patriarch of Venice before being elected to position of Pope. He reformed the Roman Catholic Church drastically through the holding of the Second Vatican Council. Alexander Dubek was the leader of Czechoslovakia when it was invaded by Russia. He reformed the nations government into liberalism.
He was afterwards arrested and taken to Moscow. Gustav Husk replaced him. The major idea that remained throughout the sixties in Europe was of a greater focus on culture and society. The perfect example of this is the results of the Second Vatican Council concerning the Roman Catholic Church. Communism was the opposition to this reformation. When Dubek attempted to make his nation liberal and broadminded, he had plans for the creation of socialism with a human face.
This feeling was reflected all over the nations of Europe and in the culture of America as well. Experimentation and new social practices entered the world of individuals. The fleeing East Germans wanted to escape to a place they could be free from social oppression. Other movements that had great influence on the decade were that of Space exploration, an increase in social focus on music and recreational drugs, and the liberalism of different groups and organizations. The ideas and feelings expressed in the sixties had a strong influence on culture of today and todays society. The decade left a deep impression in history and brought about the sparks that lit fires in nations everywhere.
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