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Example research essay topic: Laws Of Nature State Of Nature - 1,289 words

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The Title Is Not Indicated In Assignment. The theory of power is the question the best world philosophers have been interested in since the ancient times. What is power? How should it interact with the individuals? The theories of power, its nature and relations with the people were studying by the outstanding philosophers, thinkers and scientists. One of the brilliant thinkers of the 17 th century was Thomas Hobbes.

Hobbes noted that the man in his nature lives to survive. He stated that the man in the State of Nature lives according the laws of Nature, i. e. ; the laws of war. The man needs to make the contractual agreement of obedience with the Sovereign that is a government. According to Hobbes the sovereign is that structure that consolidates the society and makes it able to resist the laws of nature. According to Hobbes man transfers his rights to the sovereign and these rights should not contradict to the laws of the Nature.

Regardless of the government or law Hobbes believes no man can transferred his Right to save himself from Death, Wounds, and Imprisonment 1 Hobbes says the government is responsible for the mans safety. But this responsibility is rather affected through the providence of the government than through the education because the government is not interested in educating the people. The mans education may cause the resistance to the sovereign. The main duty of the sovereign is to provide the safety of a man.

Hobbes says the sovereign should posses certain rights to execute its duty. The power has the right to punish those who break the law, because the law regulates the safety. The power has the right of war; that is the sovereign is entitled to declare the war and stop it. The sovereign is authorized to send the people to the war. The sovereign has the right to judge, to define whether the person guilty or not.

All these rights are the rights of a man aimed to provide his safety but the man transfers his rights to the sovereign. Once the rights are transferred they are not to be claimed back. The sovereign may send a man to war though it contradicts the law of Nature, but the sovereign may send him because the man sometimes can not understand the reasons... there be some rights which no man can be understood by any words, or other signs, to have abandoned or transferred 2. So the man transfers the rights of providing his safety to the sovereign and if the state of Nature is the competition for the survival i. e.

war, the power may send the person to the war without his consent because he does not understand the reasons of the war. Thus the power is its nature is violent. Thomas Hobbes in his works substituted the violence of the state of nature by the terror of sovereign which is the contractual power. The British philosopher Locke criticized him that the ruler's rights as well as those of everyone are restrained by the laws of nature; the right to life, liberty, and property 3.

This suggestion is true if there are certain commonly accepted rights are worked out and formulated as well as the authorities of the power otherwise any mistake of the power could be explained by the aspiration to observe the rights of the nature. The political philosopher Hannah Arendt studied the nature of the power. The main object of her study was the political phenomenon of totalitarianism and the nature of political violence. One of the most indicative examples of her statements was the justification of the death penalty of the Nazi Eichmann.

According to Eichmann he did not want to share the earth with Jews, and then the Jewish government is not obliged to share the earth with Eichmann 4. Arendt while studying the power and violence defines that the violence and the power are not the same categories. No government exclusively based on the means of violence has ever existed... Power is indeed the essence of all governments, but violence is not.

Violence is by nature instrumental 5 So the violence is just means of the power. The power needs to posses a certain instruments to provide its existence thus fulfilling its objectives. We say that the democracy is the most advanced form of the society existence. The democracy is based on the certain laws otherwise it is anarchy.

These laws should protect the people and democracy itself. Protection is connected on the preventive actions and the counteractions which might be violent, thus the democracy should defend itself by means of violence. There should be well balanced means, or according to Arendt the instruments of power. According to the rule of democracy people are the source of power. Then if the power is violent, it is the feature of the people and not of the abstract power.

And according to the law of the nature the people are fighting for their survival or exist in the war. Then the people are violent and the power being the reflection of the social possesses is violent as well. Karl Marx developed his theory of the class struggle which became the manual for a number of the totalitarian regimes. According to Marx the essence of the social development is the class struggle.

In his The Communist Manifesto he characterizes the social development as the class struggle, i. e. the struggle between the workers and the bourgeoisie. He assumes that executive of the modern state is a committee for managing the common affairs of the whole bourgeoisie. 6 The theory of the class struggle by Marx, according to the author is the main engine of the society's development and the struggle is the main factor defining the development. According to the Marx theory not only has the bourgeoisie forged the weapons that bring death to itself; it has also called into existence the men who are to wield those weapons -- the modern working class -- the proletarians. 7 Thus according to Marx the main class which is the source of the power is the proletariat, and the class struggle is the main engine of the social development. Lenin developed the philosophic views of Marx further bringing the term of the proletariat dictatorship.

According to Lenin the power should be based on the dictatorship of the proletariat. According to Marx the theory of the class struggle is permanent. Marx also states that the class struggle is predictable, i. e. its stages and results are defined. Modern history showed the Lenin Marx theory of the class struggle and the proletariat dictatorship happened to be erroneous.

Michel Foucault has introduced the theory of the power as the contrast to that of Marx. According to Foucault the power is not centralized. He indicates that the roots of the power are deep in the society and the power is just an administrative body. The globalization and integration processes of the modern history may be the evidence of the Foucault's theory. According to Foucault the power is just an apparatus that acts not in the interest of some group or the social class but in the interest of economy. 8 Bibliography: L EV I AT H A N by Thomas Hobbes, available at web John Locke, available at web Hannah Arendt by Stephen J. Whitfield, available at web Hannah Arendt, On Violence (New York: Harvest Book, 1970), Marx, Karl The Communist Manifesto, available at web Foucault, M. "Power and Sex" in Kritzman, L.

D. (ed). 1988. Michel Foucault Politics, Philosophy, Culture: Interviews and Other Writings 1977 - 1984. New York Citation LEVIATHAN Ibid John Locke Stephen J. Whitfield Hannah Arendt Marx, Karl Ibid Michel Foucault


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Research essay sample on Laws Of Nature State Of Nature

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