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Gender Socially Accepted Behavior PMS differs from milder premenstrual discomfort in that its symptoms are severe enough to interfere with a womans personal, social and work life. Its symptoms occur regularly. That is, instead of occurring randomly, they occur frequently, in at least two out of three menstrual cycles. Symptoms tend to appear somewhere between ovulation and the beginning of a period.
And the time span when symptoms occur is followed by a time usually the two weeks right after the start of a period when the woman is symptom-free. Some researchers suspect that the mood changes and emotional shifts are related to the levels of progesterone and estrogen, reproductive hormones whose levels rise and fall during the menstrual cycle. The thinking is that the increased tension, anxiety and irritability of PMS may be due to low estrogen-to-progesterone ratio. That is, levels of progesterone, a hormone believed to have a tranquilizing effect, may be lower than estrogen levels, and anxiety results. Women in their thirties and forties are more likely to have been on and off the Pill or have gotten pregnant, and these hormonal changes may be what triggers the hormone shifts and the development of PMS, says Stephanie De Graff Bender, director of the PMS Clinic in Boulder, Colorado, and author of PMS: A Positive Program to Gain Control. Another theory is that PMS symptoms arise from shifting levels of neurotransmitters, the special brain chemicals believed to influence mood.
In particular, the chemical serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine are thought to be involved. The change in neurotransmitter levels may be tied to changes in estrogen and progesterone levels, but just how is not exactly clear. There are some indications that nutrition may play a role. In particular, magnesium, riboflavin, vitamin A, calcium and manganese deficiencies may contribute to the exacerbation of symptoms.
Stress can also play a role in the development of PMS and may be another reason that women tend to develop PMS in their thirties and forties. Women past 30 have more complex lives, says Nancy Fate-Woods, Ph. D. of the Center for Womens Health Research at the University of Washington School of Nursing in Seattle.
These women often have children or are working full time or both. They may be single parents or supporting their parents. They have a lot more stress at this phase of their life than they did when they were younger, and the development of PMS may be somehow related to that. Some women find that their PMS gets markedly worse just before menopause, according to Ellen Klutznick, Psy. D. , a psychotherapist in San Francisco who counsels menopausal and peri menopausal women. And some experts say it can be a sign that a woman has entered perimenopause, the stage in which estrogen levels start to decline, womens periods begin to change, and menopausal problems like hot flashes, mood swings and weight gain rise.
Premenstrual syndrome can really take its toll on the women who have it. Mood symptoms tend to be most troublesome. The symptoms women are really concerned about are depression, anxiety, anger, sleeplessness and hopelessness, according to Annette Rossignol, Sc. D. professor and chair of the Department of Public Health at Oregon State University in Corvallis. It is hard to say whether these are the symptoms women get most, but they are the ones for which they seeks help most often.
These emotional changes can affect relationships. Women may find themselves feeling and behaving differently. They may lose control with a friend or snap at a co-worker or at their children, says Bender. Then, feeling guilty afterward they resolve not to let something similar happen the next month.
But often it does, and the guilt over their behavior, combined with their failed attempts not to repeat it, causes their self-esteem to plummet. This style is effective for readers especially a topic on gender differences in communication because it gives out the principle and then presents a specific example to illustrate it. As to this excerpt above, the author first explains a person who elicits the kind of response from another one because it matches his own style, and therefore, can make sense of the response. It is actually a meeting of the minds perfect and in harmony. The authors tone is light and clear. It is also concrete and specific.
She is aware that technical language. She just uses a tone that is done in everyday language. Her tone is not disparaging but in level with her audience. She avoids stiff and pompous language. It is such a light and mood-enhancing tone that one cannot help but continue to read and read the material. Her purpose is definite.
She wants to show that these differences are a reality and are essential if one were to really understand what goes on in a communication process. Her purpose is clear in her mind because once she succeeds in telling the difference, then, she will be able to iron out the confusion in any communication situation especially between men and women in the workplace. Women do have different leadership styles from men. As Body shop founder Anita Roddick says: I run my company according to feminine principles principles of caring, making intuitive decisions, not getting hung up on hierarchy, having a sense of work as being part of your life, not separate from it; putting your labour where your love is, being responsible to the world in how you use your profits; recognising the bottom line should stay at the bottom (Vinnicombe) Many managers, both male and female, agree that sex differences in management style do exist. Womens differences are more often than not, always in positive terms.
Yet when researchers ask managers to describe their own management styles they usually find no significant differences between genders. What these findings reveal is the extent to which individuals characterise themselves in terms of dominant managerial values, in this case masculine behaviour. At the same time managers describe themselves in terms that fit with the prevailing rhetoric of good management practice, now strongly associated with a consultative style and a high level of interpersonal skills (Vinnicombe). Some women try to use and justify their mood swings because of their PMS. Some are able to plan their business meetings during the last two days before their period.
During that period, they try to tell the people close to her that she is premenstrual so that they can give the understanding she would need. Works cited Sarojini, N. B. & Murthy, Laxmi. Why womens groups oppose injectable contraceptives. web Understanding PMS. web Vinnicombe, Susan.
The Debate: Do men and women have different leadership styles?
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