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... three-part grouping (feast, new moon, and Sabbath) instead of four or even more found in the other texts (all remaining passages include daily, annual, monthly, and weekly cycles). Secondly, the sequence is the same, while the other eight texts are constructed in the ascending order (daily, weekly, monthly, yearly). Next, both triads are in singular, while the other eight texts - in plural. Similar to Colossians 2. 16, Hosea 2. 11 deals with days per se, instead of sacrifices. Moreover, Paul quotes from Hosea several times, and never from the Chronicles, Ezekiel, or Nehemiah.
Finally, Hosea 2. 11 prophesies the end of cultic set times, instead of listing them, while the other eight texts are merely listing them. In such a way, as far as the usage of the triad (here, noumena, and sabbath) in Colossians 2. 16 significantly differs from its usage in other eight texts, and, instead, have many similarities with Hosea 2. 11, it is required to make a more extensive and in-depth inter textual analysis of these two texts. The Triad in Hosea 2. 11 The vast majority of linguists and lexicographers agree that the first term from the triad, the feast, or hag has more restricted meaning than a feast or festival. For example, according to the New International Dictionary of Old Testament Theology & Exegesis, hag is used to refer to the three annual Israelite festivals (the Feasts of Booths, Passover/Unleavened Bread, and Weeks/First Fruits) that required making a pilgrimage to the temple in Jerusalem. If taking into account the fact that Septuagint uses here to translate can, and the thorough analysis of the usage of this word in the New Testament (as it is with the term can that is restricted to "the three great annual festivals, it is possible to conclude that the noun heart in Colossians 2. 16 must also have restricted meaning, thus to the three great annual feasts of the Passover, Pentecost, and Tabernacles.
As far as these feasts require a pilgrimage to Jerusalem temple, it is more appropriate to render these terms, as the Revised English Bible also has the pilgrimages, new moons, and Sabbaths. Besides, it should be noted that the Day of Trumpets and Day of Atonement are never called by name, although they are referred to in the New Testament texts (e. g. Revelation 8. 6 - 11. 15, Acts 27. 9, etc). The second term is new moon, or harsh, meets with no controversy, therefore there is no use to examine the term here. It should be only noted that Carl Weber confirms the term means new moon, and mentioned that it was also one of the feast days, and is listed with the Sabbath and the pilgrim feasts as involving burnt offerings (II Chronicles 8. 13 et al).
Finally, the term sabbath', or shabbat, in Hebrew indicates the Day of Atonement (Leviticus 23. 32 c), while in Greek this day is referred to as sabbath. In Hebrew the Day of Trumpets is referred to as a shabbat on (a sabbaths in Lev 23. 24), and in some Greek manuscript it is referred to as sabbath. In such a way, we can make an assumption that the shabbat (in Hosea 2. 11) may indeed refer to ceremonial Sabbaths. Inverted Parallelism in Hosea 2. 11 and Colossians 2. 16 Being based on the inter textual analysis, it is possible to assume that the passage reflects rather the Semitic literary structure of an inverted parallelism (annual-monthly-annual) than the assumed yearly, monthly, weekly sequence. In case this assumption proves to be valid, it will result in important outcomes of the further interpretation of the salvation in Colossians.
Therefore, it is important to understand whether Paul ever used an inverted parallelism in his other texts, than the one supposed to occur in Colossians 2. 16? In one of his studies Ekkehardt Mueller demonstrated the hermeneutical import of the literary structure of inverted parallelism in Colossians 1. 15 - 20, and claimed that it is a key to the understanding and translation of the word prototokos. As far as the literary structure makes possible to determine the actual meaning of the specific term, it is possible to conclude that a proper understanding of the literary structure of Colossians 2, would also elucidate the meaning of Colossians 2. 16. Besides, Colossians 2. 21 also contain a simple inverted parallelism: touch-taste-touch. Taking into account the literary structure of the triad in Colossians 2. 16 (heorte's = Pilgrim Feasts: Unleavened Bread, Pentecost, and Tabernacles neomenias = New Moons sabbath = Ceremonial Sabbaths), it is possible to come to conclusion that the noun Sabbath in Colossians 2. 16 and Hosea 2. 11 refer to the annual ceremonial Sabbaths in the Hebrew religious calendar, but not to the weekly seventh-day Sabbath. Finally, it should be also noted that Apostle Paul had to include both heorte's (e.
g. joyful pilgrim feasts) and sabbath (i. e. , solemn sacred occasions) in order to cover all annual occasions, to avoid confusing reductionism. Chapter IV Conclusion In conclusion it may be said that after an in-depth and detailed analysis of all relevant texts in the original languages, and taking into consideration both the immediate and broader contexts of pertinent periscopes, as well as examining the validity of the most important arguments related to the meaning of the triad in Colossians 2. 16, the present study has proved that Kenneth Strand assumption that Apostle Paul was using the common literary device of inverted parallelism, thus moving from annual to monthly and then back again to annual festivals, appeared to be correct. In such a way, the linguistic analysis affirms the traditional Adventist position.
Yet, it should be noted that in order to understand the motive and nature of Apostle Pauls usage of salvation in Colossians 2. 16, further study is required. References Achtemeier, Elizabeth, 'Minor Prophets I', in New International Biblical Commentary (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1996). Andersen, Francis I. and David Noel Freedman, Hosea: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary, Anchor Bible (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1980). Arnold, Clinton E. , The Colossian Syncretism: The Interface Between Christianity and Fold Belief at Colossae (Tubing en: J. C.
B. Mohr, 1995). Bacchiocchi, Samuel, The Sabbath in the New Testament (Berrien Springs, MI: Biblical Perspectives, 1985). Bauer, Walter, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, edited by Frederick William Danker (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1979). Bosman, Hendrik L. , 'Can', in New International Dictionary of Old Testament Theology & Exegesis, edited by Willem A. VanGemeren (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1997).
Briensmead, Robert D. , 'Sabbatarianism Re-Examined, Chapter 5: Colossians 2. 16 ', Verdict 4 / 4 (June 1981). Burrell, Calvin, 'Paul's Sabbath Theology', Bible Advocate, May 1983. Buzzard, Anthony, Colossians 2. 16 and the Sabbath Question (Accessed 20 / 04 / 2007). Carroll, B. H. , Colossians, Ephesians, and Hebrews: An Interpretation of the English Bible (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1948). Cowles, Henry, The Shorter Epistles; Viz: Of Paul to the Galatians; Ephesians; Philippians; Colossians; Thessalonians; Timothy; Titus and Philemon; Also, of James, Peter, and Jude (New York: D.
Appleton, 1879). Davidson, Richard M. , Sanctuary Typology, edited by Frank B. Holbrook, Daniel and Revelation Committee Series (Silver Spring, MD: Biblical Research Institute, General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists, 1992). Davies, G. I. , 'Hosea', in New Century Bible Commentary (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1992). Determine, Paul E. , 'Colossians', in Concordia Commentary: A Theological Exposition of Sacred Scripture (Saint Louis: Concordia, 2003).
Edit, John, Commentary on the Epistle of Paul to the Colossians, Classic Commentary Library (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1957). Gane, Roy, The Role of God's Moral Law, Including Sabbath, in the "New Covenant", 2003 (Accessed 11 / 04 / 2007). Gladson, Jerry A. , A Theologian's Journey from Seventh-Day Adventist to Mainstream Christianity (Glendale, AZ: Life Assurance Ministries, 2000). Greek-English Lexicon of the New Test manet, edited by Joseph Henry Thayer (New York: American Book Company, 1889).
Gulley, Norman R. , 'The Battle Against the Sabbath and Its End-Time Importance', JATS 5 / 2 (Autumn 1994), 79 - 115. Harley, Larry Ray, Queries and Explications: What Is the Sabbath of Colossians 2. 14 - 16? Watchman Magazine 1 / 10, 1998, October (Accessed 25 / 04 / 2007). Harris, Murray J. , 'Colossians & Philemon', in Exegetical Guide to the Greek New Testament (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1991). 'Here Noun', in The New Testament Greek-English Dictionary: Delta-Epsilon, edited by Thoralf Gilbrant (Springfield, MO: Complete Biblical Library, 1986). Holbrook, Frank B. , A Reply to "What Do the Scriptures Say About the Sabbath?" .
Holbrook, Frank B. , 'Frank Answers: Did Christ Abolish the Sabbath', These Times, August 1977. Holbrook, Frank B. , Should Christians Observe the Israelite Festivals? A Brief Statement of Seventh-Day Adventist Understanding, 1987. Illustrated Dictionary & Concordance of the Bible, edited by Geoffrey Wigoder (New York: Macmillan, 1986). Jewett, Paul K. , The Lord's Day: A Theological Guide to the Christian Day of Worship (Grand Rapids, 1971). Keil, Carl Friedrich, The Twelve Minor Prophets, edited by C.
F. Keil and F. Delitzsch, Biblical Commentary of the Old Testament (1952). Kopfstein, Kedar, Can, edited by and Helmer Ringgren Johannes Botterweck, Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1980).
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Love, Eduard, 'Sabbath', in Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, edited by Gerhard Friedrich Gerhard Kitten, and Geoffrey W. Bromley (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1985). Martin, Walter R. , The Truth About Seventh-Day Adventist (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1960). Martin, Walter R. , The Kingdom of the Cults (Minneapolis: Bethany House, 1997). Mc Vay, John, Colossians 2. 16 and the Seventh-Day Sabbath: A Taxonomy of Views (Accessed 25 / 04 / 2007). Milgrom, Jacob, Leviticus 23 - 27: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary, Anchor Bible (New York: Doubleday, 2001).
Mueller, Ekkehardt, 'Focus on Scripture: The Firstborn (Col 1: 15) ', Reflections: A BRI Newsletter, October 2005, 8. Paulien, John, Seals and Trumpets: Some Current Discussions, edited by Frank B. Holbrook, Symposium on Daniel and Revelation Committee Series (Silver Spring, MD: Biblical Research Institute, General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists, 1992). Paulien, John, 'Revisiting the Sabbath in the Book of Revelation', JATS 9 / 1 - 2 (1998), 179 - 86. Peck, Clay, New Covenant Christians (Berthoud, CO: Grace Place, 1998). Preble, T.
M. , A Tract, Showing That the Seventh Day Should Be Observed as the Sabbath Instead of the First; According to the Commander (Nashua, NH: Murray and Kimball, 1845) (07 / 04 / 30). Press, Ron, Adventist's Achilles' Heel? A Scriptural Study of the Sabbath in Colossians 2. 16 (Accessed 05 / 05 / 2007). Ratzlaff, Dale, 'The Sabbath: A Shadow of Grace', Adventist Today, July-August 1996. Read, George W. , 'Faith Under Pressure: The Sabbath as Case Study', JATS 9 / 1 - 2 (1998), 141 - 49. Richardson, William Edwin, 'A Study of the Historical Background and the Interpretation of Colossians 2. 14 - 17 ', unpublished master's thesis (Andrews University, 1960).
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Smith, Uriah, Synopsis of the Present Truth: A Brief Exposition of the Views of S. D. Adventists (Battle Creek, MI: Seventh-day Adventist Publishing, 1884). Strand, Kenneth A. , 'The Sabbath', in Handbook of Seventh-Day Adventist Theology, edited by George W.
Reid (Hagerstown, MD: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 2000). Strong, James, Strong's Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible (Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1986). Stuart, Douglas, 'Hosea-Jonah', in Word Biblical Commentary, 31 (Waco, TX: Word Books, 1987). Tatford, Frederick A. , Prophet of a Broken Home: An Exposition of Hosea, The Minor Prophets (Minneapolis: Klock & Klock, 1982).
Torrey, R. A. , Ought Christians to Keep the Sabbath? (New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1899). Unger, Merrill F. , 'Festivals', in New Unger's Bible Dictionary, edited by R. K.
Harrison (Chicago: Moody, 1988). Veloso, Mario, 'The Law of God', in Handbook of Seventh-Day Adventist Theology, edited by Raoul Dederen (Hagerstown, MD: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 2000). Weber, Carl Philip, 'Can', in Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament, edited by R. Laird Harris (Chicago: Moody, 1980). Weber, Carl Philip, 'Hadash', in Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament, edited by R. Laird Harris (Chicago: Moody, 1980).
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