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hopefully salvage the liner, sunk off the south-west coast of Ireland on May 7, 1915, killing 1, 198 people. 'The Lusitania is probably the most important shipwreck that hasn't been investigated in any detail so far, 's ays Gregg Bemis. And although there are striking similarities between the Lusitania and the Titanic, recently the subject of a major movie, Bemis believes that the Lusitania is 'a much more interesting and historical story - and you don't have to make up any phoney romance the way they did with the Titanic. ' It is a story which involves US President Woodrow Wilson, Winston Churchill and the still unanswered question of what the liner was carrying on board. The Lusitania, pride of the Cunard line, was sailing from New York for the port of Liverpool when a single torpedo from a German U-boat crashed into her hull between the third and fourth funnels. The ship sank in just under 20 minutes.
Of those killed, 128 were American citizens, and the incident influenced the eventual US decision to enter the war two years later. It also provoked curiosity and mystery that naval historians have argued over ever since. Was the Lusitania, as the Germans claimed persistently, heavily loaded with Liliya Goldenberg 2 weapons of war? If she was, who tipped Germany off? In addition, did she carry priceless works of art in watertight containers, and what of the six million dollars in gold bullion rumored to have been taken aboard but which was not on the manifest? Following the discharge of the fatal torpedo, there was a second blast deep inside the ship a few minutes later - could this have been a secret cargo of explosives?
What is certain is that since the fatal day of May 7, 1915, the wreck of the Lusitania has lain untouched 100 meters deep off the Old Head of Kinsale, a prominent peninsula on Ireland's southern coast. Gregg Bemis is in no doubt that she was carrying weaponry. 'She went down in 18 minutes, ' he says. 'That would have been impossible with one torpedo for a ship that size. There were high explosives on board, all right. ' Bemis also points out that one of those who perished was Sir Hugh Lane, Irish art collector and head of London's National Gallery. He was believed to have had a stack of paintings by Rubens, Titian and Monet on board in watertight containers and worth a fortune.
If indeed the Lusitania had been carrying arms, passengers embarking at New York would have been blissfully unaware of it. They had been far more occupied taking in the ship's luxury appointments, handsome state rooms with soaring Doric columns, shimmering chandelier, damask and inlaid mahogany furnishings. There had been lifts, a nursery, diet kitchens for babies, a fully staffed hospital, kennels, telephones and special rooms for maids and valets. Above all, with her double-bottom and watertight compartments, the Lusitania was reckoned to be one of the safest ships afloat, and with her revolutionary steam turbines, one of the fastest. But aside from all the splendour and comfort, there was one Liliya Goldenberg 3 factor that could not be forgotten - a grim warning contained in an advertisement placed in New York's newspapers on May 1: 'Travellers intending to embark for an Atlantic voyage are reminded that a state of war exists between Germany and her allies and Great Britain and her allies... vessels flying the flag of Great Britain or any of her allies are liable to destruction. ' The signatory was the Imperial German Embassy in Washington.
The Cunard authorities took the threat seriously enough to question each passenger and closely examine their credentials. Anonymous telegrams were received by scores of passengers, warning them of the ship's imminent destruction and urging them to disembark. Most of the passengers ignored any threat. One of the most celebrated of them, the multi-millionaire Alfred G Vanderbilt, scoffed: 'Why should we be afraid of German submarines? We can out-distance any submarine afloat. ' Amid the gaiety of waved straw hats and tossed confetti, the tunes It's a Long Way to Tipperary and The Star-spangled Banner had accompanied the departure from the New York pier. It was in sharp contrast to the muted departure during the early hours of April 30 from the dock in Germany's Emden, of the U- 20, which had already sunk three merchant ships in the English Channel under the command of Kapitanleutnant Walther Schwieger.
A week later off the Irish coast, the submariner stood straining to catch the outline of a perfect landmark for a sure bearing; the Old Head of Kinsale, rising 256 feet Liliya Goldenberg 4 out of the water. Shortly before 2 pm, his binoculars picked out a rapidly materializing speck in the west. Aboard the Lusitania, passengers were either unconcernedly finishing their lunch, taking a turn on the deck or finishing their packing in anticipation of arrival in Liverpool for breakfast. Aboard the U- 20, Schwieger, who was later to log that he did not recognize the identity of the Lusitania until he saw the gold letters on her bow, heard the torpedo officer report: 'Torpedoes ready for firing. ' The Lusitania was right on target and her Captain, William Thomas Turner, felt the vessel reel as the torpedo struck the thick steel sides to starboard and the Marconi operator began tapping out: 'Come at once, big list, 10 miles south old Head Kinsale. ' It seemed no time at all before the ship's bow was buried beneath the water and those who had survived were clinging desperately to the stern. The screams of those who had not made it to the lifeboats were silenced virtually by crashes within cargo spaces and engine rooms. The rescue operation was carried out by a variety of vessels, including a Greek coaster, harbor ferries, trawlers and sundry tenders.
Longboats with oarsmen rowed to the rescue from small fishing villages beyond Kinsale. Wesley Frost, the local American consul, later recalled: 'We saw the ghastly procession of the rescue ships as they landed the living and the dead. Piles of corpses began to appear among the paint kegs and coil or rope on the shadowy old wharves. Women caught at our sleeves and begged Liliya Goldenberg 5 desperately for word of their husbands, and men moved ceaselessly from group to group, seeking a lost bride, daughter or sister. ' Elizabeth Duckworth from Taftville, Connecticut, remembered: 'The sea was filled with bodies. To see women and children was bad enough.
But there were small children, even infants. ' At the final count, of the 1, 959 who had sailed aboard the Lusitania, 1, 198 perished, including 785 passengers. There was mass mourning throughout Ireland on Monday, May 10, the first group of more than 100 dead, borne on wagons because not enough hearses could be gathered, were laid to rest in common graves in the city of Queenstown. On both sides of the Atlantic, grief was not slow to turn to cold anger. In Victoria, British Columbia, mobs swooped on the German Club, smashing windows and dragging furniture into the street where it was hacked to pieces. In Britain, anti-German feeling produced destruction in Liverpool, while in London Germans who were members of the Order of the Garter were struck off the roll and their banners removed from Windsor Castle. Although the German Kaiser, Wilhelm II, was said later to have regarded the sinking of the Lusitania as 'a mistake', the German press showed no regrets at all.
In Munich, a commemoration medal was stuck, one side showing passengers at a Cunard office buying tickets from a death's head, under the slogan 'Business as usual'. Liliya Goldenberg 6 The reverse showed the Lusitania sinking, its desk crammed with a variety of weapons. The torpedoing was hailed by the Frankfurter Zeitung newspaper as 'an extraordinary success'. Revenge, though, Americans didn't take up, waiting until Germany's announcement of a policy of unrestricted submarine warfare. Four months after that, on April 2, 1917, President Wilson went before a Senate to request a declaration of war with Germany. And the Lusitania?
For 83 years, she has lain, her secrets concealed, on the bed of the ocean. The ambitious plans of Gregg Bemis to explore and salvage the wreck could well change all that. 'Everything that was possible to do was done by the crew to reach the wreck in time to save life but as we had no wind it took us a long time to pull the ten or twelve miles out from the boathouse which we had to go. If we had wind or any motor power our boat would have been amongst the first on the scene. It was a harrowing sight to witness, the sea was strewn with dead bodies floating about, some with lifebelts on, others holding on to pieces of rafts, all dead. I deeply regret it was not in our power to have been in time to save some. 's o wrote Rev. Forde in an official report to the Royal National Lifeboat Institution following the sinking of the Lusitania.
She was the pride of the Cunard fleet, a ship of immense proportions and capable of great speed. Carrying 1, 959 passengers she left New York on May 1 st, 1915, Liliya Goldenberg 7 bound for Liverpool. They were dangerous times and these were dangerous waters, where U-Boats were active. And where she did not survive.
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Research essay sample on Time To Save Head Of Kinsale Lusitania
