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... as a touch of arousal. The male and female being close to each other with comforting touches often lead to mutual arousal. This act of the comfort moves these actions towards love. The only difference between them [the man and woman] was that he would get his behavioral reward even if the emotion was absent, while for hertha without this embellishment the whole performance seemed singularly pointless and unsatisfying (110). We are different from many other apes but our one strong difference is out ability to speak.
Morgan discusses the origins of spoken word and why it came about in chapter six. She begins by telling K. P. Oakley's theory that speech came about after the use of tools since the apes had things in their hands so hand gestures became harder to do. Morgan argues that the importance of what they had to say was often more important then work they were doing with the tool; they could have put the tool down.
Other researchers said it was so they could socially hunt more accurately but she disproves this by stating, it is precisely visual signals which would have been very much a premium, because success depends so largely on surprise (115). If they had been speaking to each other on how they wanted to attack they would have disrupted the prey and ruined the surprise. Morgan starts at the beginning of the development to help explain the process of communication. She says in the beginning the primates used sound, smell, touch, and vision.
She says touch isnt important in this chapter because it was in chapter five. She explains smell as being very important because it dates back so far as unicellular organisms and scents can travel very far and last for prolonged periods of time. She explains sound as being where researchers begin their search of the origin of language. Vision was important to interpret other creatures facial expressions, which later was a way for them to interpret what the other was feeling. Speech combines all of these, some are subtler then others but all are present. Speech emerged from the aquatic ape that felt they got more of a response from the others around them by making sounds rather then flailing their arms. (126) The animal can learn from the others vocal attempts and their own to create audible and understandable speech.
Morgan explains the spread of speech as those who are quickest to understand words will be the likeliest to survive and propagate their kind (131). She ends the chapter with her idea of the origin of the word mama. She says after basic words like fish arose and the baby knew how to say that the mother at night would put her nipple in the babys mouth but the baby didnt want to suckle it. The baby would just hold the nipple in her mouth every now and then closing her mouth over it while crooning. This produced Ma-Ma, so says Elaine Morgan. (131) Morgan begins chapter seven with a change in time. It now becomes the Pleistocene.
During this time the ape that lived for so long in the water began to emerge and live on land again. They began to spread out using newly formed land bridges. These apes had advantages because they were adapted to both land and water survival but as they went more inland they were confronted with new problems. The mammals on land were very fast and the air was cold because they were hairless. In this point of the book Morgan uses the term he more she explains her reasoning for this is because we are approaching the period where male behaviour begins to change faster than female behaviour (134).
Morgan states how in Homo sapiens the most beautiful woman is often the most sought after but in animals it is reverse. With many animal species, for example peacocks it is the best looking most attention-achieving male that get the girl. Women have the desire to look at a mans upper body; they search for strength, someone who can protect them. Men look at the womans entire naked body, they look for larger breasts for beauty and possibly a subconscious thought may be larger breasts will support babies better. (147) The aquatic apes that moved onto land now can be called man. They look more like a man then an ape but not very similar to how we appear now. Man began collecting things such a rocks, bones and flint stones and storing them in their own places such as caves.
Morgan tells of these new habits in chapter 8 along with the new hunting styles man creates. This is when woman is seen as becoming a housewife but this is incorrect. Yes, women did take care of the children but they did help search for food. They didnt just sit in the cave they went out did things. (164) In this chapter Morgan explains the different types of hunting the men did such as the use of weapons they made from things on land (throwing-spears). Men and women began to become more carnivorous. They started out slowly.
They killed the smaller land mammals and worked their way up to the larger ones. Man not only ate the meat of the prey that was killed, he also used the skin to make a form of clothing and the bones to make more tools. Man was developing into a more intellectual creature by this time; he was fighting to stay alive and had many ideas on how to do it. Chapter 9 tells about the aggression and the structure of societies in certain species.
Morgan tells about the two types of society called acentric and centripetal. She states, An Acentric society is individualistic and loosely structured and A centripetal society is highly structured and organized around one or more alpha-male leader (187). Morgan says these types of society will act differently when put in danger because the position of the males is different in the society. The more aggressive male most often becomes the alpha-male since he takes charge. In nature aggression is seen as power. Morgan compares different type of huma...
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Research essay sample on Types Of Society Morgan Explains Chapter
