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Example research essay topic: Recidivism Of Sex Offenders - 1,225 words

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... imply notifying the public does not remove the responsibility of the legal system from keeping sex offenders from committing another offense. If the correctional system releases a convicted offender and places him or her on parole they must be supervision. A study found in the Journal of Criminal Justice and Behavior, by R. Hanson and Andrew Harris, looked at possible behavioral indicators predicting the recidivism of a sex offender.

They found recidivists generally have poor supports, attitudes tolerant of sexual assault, antisocial lifestyles, poor self-management strategies, and difficulties cooperating with supervision. Most importantly, recidivists showed increased anger and distress just before re offending. That being said, supervision is incredibly important in preventing further victimization. The Florida Department of Corrections has outlined six special considerations for the supervisors of sex offenders.

Contacts in the field should be irregular and unpredictable, and weekend visits are a necessity. Walk-throughs are important during home visits. Items, like toys and stuffed animals, teen magazines, cameras, childrens clothing, video games, or any suspicious materials, should raise a red flag. Making occasional contact with family, friends, and the offenders counselor may yield useful information. Employers should be contacted and have an understanding for what the offender is on probation for. Employers are also good sources of information.

Contact with police officers on patrol might yield information pertaining to late night / early morning activity the supervisor might never have learned on their own. Religious activity, while potentially positive, is the perfect situation in which to re offend. The pastor should be contacted to confirm the offender is not alone with children. Most of these considerations do not apply to other classes of criminals under supervision. However, even with treatment, community notification, and supervision it is said that as long the sex offender is on the street, there is very little that can be done to prevent him of her from committing a new offense (Sampson 99). This disturbing realization has led to a Castration has been used throughout history to prevent undesirable procreation and to punish criminals.

In 1892, Switzerland became the first European country the castrate a sex offender. Most other European countries followed suit except those such as Spain, Belgium, France, and Portugal which are predominantly Catholic, because of that religions conflict with the practice. Today, with the high recidivism rate of sex offenders on the forefront, many countries have returned to castration laws as a means to punish habitual sex offenders and, more importantly, to deter them from re offending. Two types of castration are being utilized, surgical and chemical. Surgical castration involves the removal of a mans testosterone-producing testicles to suppress his sex drive. This procedure reduces a mans sex drive to a level similar to that before puberty.

Side effects include loss of facial and body hair, increased perspiration, weight gain, and the softening of the skin. Positive side effects include a recidivism rate for castrated offenders of only three percent, as opposed to a forty-six percent recidivism rate for sex offenders who have not been castrated. Thousands of sex offenders who were surgically castrated in Denmark, Germany, Sweden, Norway, Holland, and Czechoslovakia have only a 2. 2 percent recidivism rate. Although it has proven to be effective, some countries are hesitant to implement such a permanent procedure because of its harsh and irreversible nature.

Chemical castration, which is not permanent, is the latest measure implemented to fight the problem of recidivism among sex offenders. It involves a weekly injection of hormone suppresses that inhibit testosterone production. Depo-Provera is the newest of these inhibitors. However, due to its experiment status the Michigan and Montana Supreme Courts have already held the use of the drug unconstitutional as a condition of probation.

Such legal action and other actions arguing against chemical castration on constitutional grounds has some activist groups upset. The Womens Coalition in Pasadena stated, I dont care about the rights of serial child molesters. To me, theyve lost their rights once they rape, molest, and violate small children. This, by the way, is not punishment. [Chemical castration] is a help for their problem... It does not sterilize them. It merely lowers their testosterone level. (Carpenter 98) Floridas own chemical castration policy has come under fire.

At the heart of the conflict is the bodily integrity and the right to refuse medical treatment encompassed by Floridas right to privacy. The Florida castration law provides no room for the consent of the defendant and is in many cases mandatory. It is the court-appointed medical officer who decides who are inappropriate candidates, which may or may not include those withholding consent. Also, the law lacks a provision providing counseling rendering the legislation ineffective in achieving the goal of the state, protecting the public from repeat sex offenders (Keene 97). The American judicial system is certainly not in an easy position when attempting to reduce the recidivism rate of the particularly habitual sex offender criminal class. Because they have rates drastically higher than any other violent criminal class they do deserve special attention from the public and every institution that comes into contact with them.

Yes, sex offenders are protected by the Constitution, but by the Legislature enacting notification laws, they made it clear when weighting any possible infringement upon rights enjoyed by convicted sex offenders that precedence would go to the rights of potential victims over those of sex offenders in any area where those rights might conflict (Martin 96). The findings regarding the effectiveness of treatment were interesting. Treatment may be more effective for those who sexually offend because of previous abuse, while chemical castration may be more effective for those who offend more so out of sexual desire. Regardless, if the justice system is going to release a high risk criminal like a sex offender, the immediate public has a right to know.

A multi-tiered approach of treatment, notification, and chemical castration seems to be the best approach to alleviating this Bibliography: Bibliography Carpenter, A. (1998). Belgium, Germany, England, Denmark, and the United States: The Implementation of Registration and Castration Laws as Protection Against Habitual Sex Offenders. Dickinson Journal of International Law, 16, pp. 435 Hanson, R. & Harris, A. (2000). Where Should We Intervene? : Dynamic Predictors of Sexual Offense. Journal of Criminal Justice and Behavior, Vol. 27, Issue 1 Keene, B. (1997). Chemical Castration: An Analysis of Floridas New Cutting Edge Policy Towards Sex Criminals.

Florida Law Review, 49, pp. 801 Loan, J. , Abracen, J. & Nicholaichuk, T. (2000). Recidivism Among Treated Sexual Offenders and Matched Controls: Data from the Regional Treatment Center (Ontario). Journal of Interpersonal Violence, Vol. 15. pp. 279 - 290 Martin, R. (1996).

Pursuing Public Protection Through Mandatory Community Notification of Convicted Sex Offenders: The Trials and Tribulations of Megan's Law. The Boston Public Interest Law Journal, Vol. 6, Issue 29 Oakes, S. (1999). Megan's Law: Analysis on Whether it is Constitutional to Notify the Public of Sex Offenders Via the Internet. The John Marshal Journal of Computer and Information Law Sampson, E. (1999). Supervising Sex Offenders: Alternatives to Incarceration, Bethpage, Vol. 5, pp. 6 - 7 School, S. (1995).

Megan's Law: Community Notification and the Constitution. Columbia University School Journal of Law and Social Problems, 29 Seto, M. & Barbara, H. (1999). Psychopathy, Treatment Behavior, and Sex Offender Recidivism. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, Vol. 14, pp. 1235 - 1248


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