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Example research essay topic: Gross National Product Sugar Cane - 2,953 words

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Hilda Beemer was born in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe (then Rhodesia), into a family of Viennese Jewish immigrants. She grew up in Johannesburg and went to Witwatersrand University for her undergraduate studies. She received there the B. A. degree in anthropology. In 1932, she came to London, where she studied under the charismatic teacher Bronislaw Malinowski at the London School of Economics, where she obtained the M.

A. and Ph. D. degrees in social anthropology. In 1934, she was awarded a grant by the International African Institute of London to study the Swazi. So began her lifelong association with Swaziland and its royal family.

Her first books were on the Swazi, An African Aristocracy and The Uniform of Colour, both published in 1947. Her last was a revised edition of The Swazi: A South African Kingdom; published in 1986, it brings the Swazi history up to 1983. Hilda Kuper's contributions to anthropology are considerable in substance and interpretation. In substance, she has enriched the body of ethnographic knowledge -- still the foundation of anthropology -- by her thorough and meticulous descriptions of the Swazi and Shona cultures. In interpretation, she has demonstrated that strict reasoning and sharp argumentation do not preclude insight and empathy, that a generous and fearless advocacy is compatible with an honest and complete presentation of all the facts, and that an appreciation of ancient traditions does not divert from urgent contemporary issues.

For almost six decades, she was committed to the study, defense, and illustration of the Swazi traditions as embodied in the social and political vision of King Sobhuza II, a friend from the thirties to the eighties -- he died in 1982. In 1970, three years after Swaziland became an independent state, Sobhuza granted her Swazi citizenship. Later he appointed her his official biographer. She wrote the authoritative history of his reign -- in fact the history of Swaziland in the twentieth century, as Sobhuza was born in 1899. The book, Sobhuza II, Ngwenyama and King of Swaziland, was published in 1978. To understand the Swazi society she considered stratification, rank, power and interracial relations.

These concepts were a departure from the prevailing functional social anthropological theories of the time. Her first research made her realize that anthropological data could not be objective. Kuper tended to emphasize humanism in her anthropological data. Kuper published short stories based on her fieldwork and thoughtful articles on apartheid in South African periodicals. The nature of small Swaziland is rather various.

The surface of the country three "steps" the in width up to 70 - 80 km goes down from the West on the east to mountains Lebombo. Two top "steps" - a plateau from gneiss es (High and Average Veld) height 1000 - 1500 and 400 - 800 m accordingly. Third "step" - flat plain (Low Veld) height of 150 - 300 m. The climate varies from moderately warm on High Velde (deposits - from 1500 up to 2500 mm a year - drop out basically in the summer, temperatures change from 12 C in July (winter) up to 23 C in February) to warmer and dry on Average Velde both hot and dry on Low Velde (years temperatures reach 40 C, quantity of deposits - about 500 mm a year). The rivers of Swaziland (Komati, Usual, Umbuluzi, Umkondo, etc. ) porozhisty, but on plain their current is slowed down, in some places they are spilled and bog up district. The flora of the country totals 2, 4 thousand kinds - from lichens up to focuses and magnolias.

The West High Velde - the country of mountain meadows woods (though the area of the last is strongly reduced by cuttings down). In the east the zone of evergreen subtropical vegetation gradually passing in savanna Low Velde with baobabs and bushes begins. The fauna is rather rich: from large animals there are "dark blue" buffalo s, vintorogie antelopes, zebras, hippopotamuses In 1990 th years the largest share of gross national product (up to 30 %) was made with production of a manufacturing industry. From the middle of 1980 th years, besides traditional industries (processing of agricultural raw material and wood), in the country have arisen such branches, as manufacture of soft drinks, textile products and assembly of refrigerators. Swaziland has is relative fertile soils and rich water resources. The share of production of an agriculture in gross national product has decreased from 33 % in 1968 to 10 % in 1995 - 1996.

About 60 % of the grounds enter into Ground fund swazi. In the confidential order king disposes of these grounds, they are distributed according to traditional norms of land tenure, basically for conducting polunaturalnogo facilities. The others of 40 % of the grounds are in a private property. Here the versatile and modern agricultural production is conducted. The basic agricultural crops - a sugar cane (the main commodity culture), corn (makes a basis of a diet swazi), a cotton, citrus, pineapples, tobacco, a peanut, millet. Swazi think much of cattle which is considered at them a criterion of riches.

In 1994 livestock of cattle in the country has made 626, 4 thousand heads, lhasa his part would belong swazi. In 1960 - 1970 -a years of capital investment went mainly in wood and an agriculture, a manufacturing industry and tourism. Due to realization of projects lesovozobnovlenija on High Velde significant territories were zasazheny coniferous breeds and evkaliptami. The area of the irrigated grounds intended for cultivation of a sugar cane and citrus has increased. Before legalization of a gaming in the republic of South Africa the big incomes brought foreign tourism and a casino. In 1970 th years began recession in the mining industry which parameter became curtailing extraction of iron ore in Ngvenii.

In 1990 th years the basic branches of the mining industry were extraction of asbestos (the fourth place in the world), diamonds and coal. Tourism, mainly from the republic of South Africa (up to 250 thousand person in a year) is advanced. The transport network of the country gradually improves. In the beginning of 1960 th years the branch line by extent of 219 km, connected mining area Ngvenija with Mozambique is handed over in operation, in 1978 construction of a railway way in length of 100 km, connected Swaziland with a network of railways of the republic of South Africa has been completed. In 1986 railway has connected Swaziland with juzhnoafrikanskim the city of Komatipurtom. In 1990 general extent of highways has made 2, 4 thousand in km.

The regular air communication connects the main airport of the country Matsapa with the republic of South Africa, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Zambia and Malawi. At Swaziland close economic relations from the republic of South Africa are adjusted. It enters in the customs union, Community of development of the South of Africa. The share of the customs received by him makes almost half of total sum of public revenues. In Swaziland are in use own monetary unit - lilangeni and South Africa. In 1996 import was ok. 964 million dollars, export - 887 million.

Up to 96, 7 % of import make the goods of the republic of South Africa. Basic clauses of import - products of a manufacturing industry, the machine and the transport equipment, the foodstuffs, alive cattle, chemical products, fuel, lubricant oils, the foodstuffs. Main clauses of export - concentrates of soft drinks, sugar, asbestos, cellulose, refrigerators, citron and tinned fruit. The main trading partners - the republic of South Africa and the countries of EU. The share of competent adult population swazi in 1990 th years has made 74 %. In elementary schools 100 % of children of corresponding age, on the average - 50 % and in educational institutions of the third step - 4 % study practically.

In 1995 in Swaziland it was totaled 196 thousand learning elementary schools and ok. 56 thousand - high schools. In 1996. 1, 3 thousand person passed a curriculum in pedagogical and technical colleges, in 2, 5 thousand students were trained at the State university of Swaziland. Swazi (ama-swazi, amangvani) occur from South-African groups of peoples nguni which in 18 century migrated on territory of modern Swaziland. The nucleus of kingdom has been created in 19 century by king Sobhuza I who has won the grounds of the indigenous population which was not speaking in languages nguni, and has made their part of the kingdom. His successor king Msvati II has created strong army and has expanded territory of the state. Down to 1894 army swazi successfully resisted to aggressive aspirations (drills) and Englishmen, but then the territory of the country became a part of republics Transvaal's.

After the wars 1899 - 1902 Swaziland has been declared by protectorate of the Great Britain. In 1921 - 1982 the royal throne swazi borrowed Sobhuza II. It has managed to redeem the grounds which after 1907 British expropriated for the benefit of foreigners, and in 1967 has achieved internal self-management for Swaziland. On September, 6 1968 independence of Kingdom Swaziland has been proclaimed. During long board Sobhuza II and his successors Swaziland aspired to support a good-neighbourhood from the republic of South Africa. After death of king Sobhuza II country four years operated advice, and in 1986 on a throne prince Makhosetive who has accepted after crowning name Msvati III has ascended.

In 1998, despite of discontent the adjusted part of a society, it continued to correct as absolute monarch. At the end of 1998 elections on which 55 deputies of parliament have been elected have taken place. However the interdiction on activity of political parties was kept, and last word in the decision of state affairs still remains for king. The most part of the population (all - about 814 thousand person) belonging to language group to a bow and borrowed with cattle breeding and agriculture. Musical instruments swazi - stringed (frequently it is the strings attached to an empty pumpkin - kale basu), wind (for example, from a horn of an antelope), drums are various. Unique rather large city and capital of the country - Mbabane.

The Swazi of Swaziland are said to belong to the Nguni people who lived in central Africa and migrated to southern Africa. They speak the Siswati language, a language earlier spoken by the Nguni group of the Bantu family. They seem to have settle in Swaziland around five hundred years ago. They were then ruled by the British from the mid 19 th century to mid 20 th century.

Swaziland is a monarchy and is ruled by King Swazi III. Social Organization The social organization in the Swazis is like any other African tribe. The homestead is the economic and domestic unit of the family. It is headed by the Umnumza or headman who is in charge of the family which includes his wives and children. Sons will bring there wives to the homestead and setup home within it while the daughters move to their in-laws. The occupants who reside in the homestead can also be distant relatives or non dependents.

Therefore the number of people for whom the headman is responsible economically, legally and by ritual may vary according his status and wealth. A wealthy headman may have many wives therefore he has a large number of people he is responsible for. The headman usually would subdivide the large homestead in order to gain access to larger tracts of cultivable land or divide quarrelsome wives. The homestead is planned according to the relationships between its inhabitants. Usually in the center of the homestead is the cattle pen and grain storage units, which are underground flask shaped pits. Women are not allowed access to theses places.

The living quarters are grouped in a semicircle with the indlunkuku (great hut) which is home to the most important woman in the homestead, the mother of the headman. If she is dead then a substitute mother is appointed. On the sides are the quarters of the wives, each with her own sleeping, cooking and storage huts and enclosed with a reed fence for protection against 'wind. The ranking of wives is not rigid but it depends on the headman and his preference of wives.

the clear demarkation of the wives huts and the fact that each of them own their own garden land and cattle does not erase the fact that the headman's mothers house is supreme. The children sleep with their mothers until they are old enough to stay with their paternal grandmother. Then they are separated by sex. Growing girls stay close to their mother while boys and unmarried men stay at the edge of the homestead. Marriage is important to Swazis. Arranged marriages are common but are declining because of the growing independence of the women which is supported by western culture.

After the bride has been selected the two families start formal negotiations concerning the bride price. The bride price is paid in order to get married. The king is an exception to this, he has the right to take by force any girl he likes (quote). The bride price is usually cattle. It differs with the status of the women, commoners ask for 100 while princesses ask for 200 cattle or more. The Swazi marriage is an elaborate affair.

It consists of many religious ceremonies. This too is declining because most Swazis are Christian converts and prefer to get married in churches. The bride is sent from home with blessing from her ancestors and gifts fro her in-laws. Initially she has to appear reluctant and decline the welcome demonstrations held by her future in-laws. she enters the cow pen where she is pleading her brothers to rescue her.

In the end she accepts her faith and her future mother in-law smears red clays symbolizing loss of virginity. She is given a baby which depicts her role as a mother and wife. As most African tribes polygamy is accepted and encouraged in the Swazi culture. Polygamy is only practiced among Swazis who are wealthy and can support their wives. In the Swazi culture the woman primary role is to bear children. The grooms group can claim any children the woman bears irrespective of the biological father.

In case the woman does not bear any children provision is made for her sister to bear children for her. The brides family is not allowed to ask for any bride wealth in this case. Although divorces are recognized by the Swazi traditional law they are uncommon. A woman may leave her husband only for brutal behavior. The families try to maintain union among the bride and groom because the grooms family wants to keep the children and the brides family wants to keep the bride wealth (lobelia). The return of the loyola depends on the number of children by the woman.

The less the children then a smaller amount of the bride wealth is returned. The children usually stay with the father. Swazis classify kin broad categories. A boy may use the term father to various people, his own father, his father s brothers and half brothers. Similarly a girl may use the term mother to her own mother co-wives and wives of the fathers brothers.

These terms may vary according to seniority. On of the cons of polygamy is that the friction created between the co-wives. Therefore the man prefers to keep his wives in different homes. There are also conflicts between half brothers for the position of the head of the family when the fathers die and co-wives for the favors of a single husband and privileges for their sons. Swazis place an importance on the continuity of the clan. Power and prosperity is inherited from men but the woman play a major role in choosing the successor to the headman.

The successor is chosen through a council which looks at the claims of the wives and their sons. The successor has to be a full son of the headman. If the main wife does not have a male child then her sister sons is adopted. Once he is appointed then he can keep his position till his mother death after that a substitute mother is appointed.

The first wife has many privileges during her husbands lifetime. Her son is entrusted with important duties by his father and advises the heir on various issues. Children are precious to the swazi. They are bought up in a disciplinarian environment, and are threatened of beating but seldom are beaten.

As they grow older their punishment gets more physical. The girls are taught household work. In the Swazi society it is the males duty to look after the livestock as is in most African societies. The boys are taught to look after the cattle and their grazing. The womens duties are limited to doing household work and working on the fields. Puberty is said to be a private family matter.

It was required that boys be circumcised before getting married. This practice was stopped decades ago. After puberty boys and girls are expected to find lovers and indulge in sex play stopping short of intercourse... Hilda Kuper's contributions to anthropology are considerable in substance and interpretation.

In substance, she has enriched the body of ethnographic knowledge -- still the foundation of anthropology -- by her thorough and meticulous descriptions of the Swazi and Shona cultures. In interpretation, she has demonstrated that strict reasoning and sharp argumentation do not preclude insight and empathy, that a generous and fearless advocacy is compatible with an honest and complete presentation of all the facts, and that an appreciation of ancient traditions does not divert from urgent contemporary issues. References 1. Virginia Boat Hilda Kuper. The Swazi, 2002


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Research essay sample on Gross National Product Sugar Cane

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