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Example research essay topic: Play An Important Role Schools Of Thought - 1,108 words

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To prevent and resolve violent conflict we must understand the sources and logic of war. Two schools of thought currently dominate thinking on the causes of contemporary conflict. The first sees violence as a response to a range of grievances including systematic discrimination and human rights violations, inequalities in wealth and political power, or a scarcity of resources, particularly where these fall along existing social cleavages such as ethnicity or religion. The second characterizes war as irrational either originating in ancient hatreds, causing a needless disruption along the normal path to development, or simply as mindless violence. These schools recognize that leadership can play an important role in stoking the embers of conflict, but both nevertheless see the principal dynamics of conflict resulting from popular sentiment. But what if the principal motive behind conflict is greed not grievance?

Profit rather than political power seems to be a growing motivation for violence in civil wars. If economic rationales do play a major role in the motivations of the warring factions, this represents a profound challenge to both prevailing schools of thought. If we recognize that the longevity of conflict can be the result not of anarchy but of economic gain, then there may be method to the perceived madness after all. For those that see grievance or a fundamental conflict of interest at the root of violent conflict the challenge is more profound.

If economic gain is a prominent motivation for armed conflict, the very basis for the resolution of violent conflict through negotiation is undermined and the search for a political settlement may be futile. Some argue that economic motivations are critical to understanding the causes or origins of violent conflict. Economic motivations play an important role in the persistence of violent conflict. For regardless of whether economic motivations have played an important role in motivating armed conflict in the past, if they do so now they deserve attention. While the international community stresses the need to halt the disintegration of states and stem the tide of communal violence, the effectiveness of outside powers in both regards is seriously constrained by their inability to examine the incentives and disincentives for violence from the perspective of the aggressors themselves@ (King 1997, p. 81). The motivation for fighting can easily change over the course of the conflict.

While the origins or root causes of war may in fact lie in some genuine sense of grievance, over the course of the conflict greed can become a more prominent motivating factor. Obviously in practice these distinctions are seldom neat or clearly identifiable, and it is not difficult to envisage the process through which a transition from collective political objectives to elite private objectives occurs. The real fuel for economically driven warfare however comes from natural resources including tropical hardwood, gems, minerals, oil, and the illicit trade in narcotics. The challenge is to restructure economic incentives and disincentives to encourage conflict resolution and to ensure that future conflict is managed without recourse to violence. Securing peace after years of war also requires limiting the benefits that some derive from the continuation of hostilities. In short, effective peace building must make peace pay and take the profit out of war.

Acting on this conclusion requires a reorientation of our peace building efforts. First we must ensure that our external interventions do not have counter-productive consequences, however unintended. Second, the international community must specifically target their interventions to address the economic dimensions of contemporary conflicts. Most peacebuilding activities are, in one way or another, an attempt to strengthen the hand of those that want peace, particularly civil society organizations.

Close cooperation between police and intelligence services is critical as shadowy networks and complex corporate relationships must be disentangled before any effective responses can be considered. Ultimately, profiteering in the midst of conflict cannot be stopped entirely. As particular routes and networks are closed new ones are sure to open. What can be done is to routinely disrupt established channels and thereby reduce profits. And it is here that globalization is of direct benefit. For while the global transfer of money and resources creates opportunities for entrepreneurial warlords, it also increases international leverage over them.

Economic sanctions and trade embargoes are one of the principal tools at the disposal of the international community for ending conflict and maintaining peace and security. However, sanctions are a form of economic warfare and economic warfare inevitably promotes economic crime. Fortunately, three prominent trends evident in the evolution of sanctions policy will also help in addressing the criminal activity that inevitably follows: an emphasis not only on the imposition but also on the enforcement of sanctions; a shift from broad-based sanctions to specifically targeting key leaders; and finally, attention to restricting the actions of non-state actors. International efforts are required to restrict profiteering during war and to seize ill-gotten assets, and opportunities exist. A particular challenge for the international community is addressing the role of the international private sector in war economies. Nevertheless, where international trading networks are used by warlords to launder stolen resources, multinational corporations may share some of the responsibility for prolonging civil wars.

Several remedies are currently being pursued to some degree. One is to develop voluntary codes of conduct for companies engaged in commercial activity in war zones, much as they have been developed for labor and environmental practices. A second option, raising the profile of corporate responsibility in zones of conflict, is likely necessary, including pressure from shareholders and, in extreme cases, consumer boycotts. Understanding the economic motivations underlying contemporary conflicts appears increasingly necessary for effective interventions to resolve conflicts and build peace.

World s aging international security architecture is struggling to come to grips with the challenge of non-state actors and commercial agendas. And in the face of failed and failing states, remedies are lacking to police criminal states that facilitate and even promote the extraction of profit from war. Bibliographweb strategy and tactics Modern Conflict: The Reality 2. world politics. A quarterly journal on international relations web 3. web Anticipating the Nature of the Next Conflict George J.

Tenet 4. web Asymmetric Warfare David L. Grange 5. Development, Peace and Security: the Possibilities and Limits of Convergence by Jean-Fran&# 1079; ois Rio and Robin Hay web 6. A Note on Interests, Values, and the Use of Force JEFFREY RECORD web 7. Some Reflections on the Future of War Martin van Creveld web 8.

Battlefield of the Future 21 st Century Warfare Issues web 9. ILLUMINATING TOMORROWS WAR MARTIN LIBICKI web 10. The Future of Warfare: Issues from the 1999 Army After Next Study Cycle Walter Perry, Bruce Pine, John Gordon IV web


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Research essay sample on Play An Important Role Schools Of Thought

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