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Example research essay topic: Sirs Cd Rom Atlantic Monthly - 1,739 words

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Life on Other Planets As the future proceeds and life begins getting more technical, Earth may not be the only place where the human race resides. There is already talk that some day Mars will be inhabited by humans. Jupiter's moon Europa may be the next after that. Two space missions have already studied Mars. The Pathfinder, which landed on the surface of Mars was one of the missions, and the Global Surveyor, which is a satellite, is the other mission. Although Europa has no set missions yet, The Galileo Spacecraft has passed within 364 miles of the moon Europa and has taken images that have given scientist a good look at the surface (Oceans on Europa Internet).

The next proposed mission is a vehicle placed in orbit around Europa that would have a radar sounding system designed to look through ice. A further step may be taken by landing a vehicle on the surface. One thing scientist are looking at very hard are ways to get humans to these places. That though will not be a problem because there are already ideas being worked on. One way is Nuclear, it is not liked by a lot of the scientist, but is a way to get humans into space (The Technologies that will get us to Mars Internet). Another way is Solar Electric (Ion) propulsion, which uses gases that are electronically charged (The Technologies that will get us to Mars Internet).

Fusion propulsion is also a good way. It is a very fast method of travel. It works by outputting more power than can be consumed (The Technologies that will get us to Mars Internet). The fastest way would be Anti-matter propulsion, which produces a great deal of energy because matter and anti-matter annihilate each other to produce an one hundred percent (100 %) mass-for-energy reaction (The technologies that will get us to Mars Internet).

All of these are ways, one day, humans may be getting to far off places. Mars, the big red ugly planet, could be the first place humans colonize. First, it would be good to know a little about the martian atmosphere. The atmosphere is 95. 3 % CO 2 with 2. 7 % nitrogen and 1. 6 % argon. (Mars Atmosphere and the Search for Life Internet).

This is similar to Venues atmosphere. The atmosphere is very thin and because of that, the temperatures on Mars vary widely on a daily basis. The covering troposphere layer varies with location and season also. At night, it practically disappears because the atmosphere becomes very stable. A typical day of weather on Mars would be something like this: light winds from the east in late afternoon, changing to light winds from the southeast after midnight. The maximum winds would be around 15 mph.

The temperatures would range from - 122 F just after dawn to a maximum of - 22 F and the Pressure would be steady at about 7. 7 millibars (Mars Atmosphere and the Search for Life Internet). This is what it would be like on Mars most days. Mars also has clouds. Three different kinds have been located so far. First, one is dust clouds which are raised by winds mainly in the summer time (Mars Atmosphere and the Search for Life Internet). The second kind of cloud is ice-water clouds and the third kind is CO 2 clouds which form a high altitude haze of dry ice crystals (Mars Atmosphere and the Search for Life Internet).

If believable, the atmosphere on Mars is much clearer than on Earth, except when Mars is having a major dust storm. Atmosphere pressure on Mars can vary up to 20 % with the seasons (Mars Atmosphere and the Search for Life Internet). Mars is absent of one main thing and that is water. Due to the low pressure, as well as low temperatures the atmosphere can hold very little water vapor.

But, with the pressure and temperature as low as it is, it holds about the maximum that is allowed. Humidity on Mars is very large and because of this, it is common to see water vapor fog forming at low elevations at night. One of the main reasons Mars does not have liquid water is because of U. V. radiation from the Sun. the water vapor is broken down into hydrogen which diffuses up into the upper atmosphere.

It is thought that most of the water must be tied up in a permafrost subsurface layer or the northern ice cap (Mars Atmosphere and the Search for Life Internet). This is what humans would be living in if there was ever a colony on Mars. The atmosphere of Mars is very harsh and seems to be no place for life to exist. There is evidence of ancient life on Mars, but not in a place expected to have it. This is not life that is still alive and visible to the naked eye. It is life in a meteorite named ALH 84001 found in the Allan Hills area of Antarctica (Dasch internet).

This meteorite is brick-shaped, is 17 X 9. 5 X 6. 5 centimeters and weighs nearly 2 kilograms. It is older than any known rock on Earth. It is quite unusual, but its martian origin was not discovered until 1993. Having solidified from lava about 4. 5 billion years ago, this rock came from the most ancient part on Mars, the southern hemisphere which is covered with asterisk impact craters (Dash Internet). The rock is made up of carbonate minerals and possible remnants of ancient martian life.

One of the minerals is called Carbonate Globules. The globules are made of siderite (iron carbonate, brownish) and magnesite (magnesium carbonate clear). That is what is inside, but on the outside it is dark, made of rich iron (Dasch Internet). The globules part of the rock is where scientist say relics of martian life are found. There are three ways scientist are finding evidence that might be from ancient life on Mars.

The first one is by looking at the mineral grains. Magnetite grains are similar to some produced by bacteria on Earth. The second way is by looking at organic chemical molecules that might be from decomposed organisms (Dasch Internet). The third way is looking at object that have the same sizes and shapes as some Earth bacteria. Looking at images of Europa there is strong evidence to date that liquid or slushy water lies below. There are regions of dark and splotchy terrain almost like volcanic ice flow.

The large plates of icy crust on the surface look like the Arctic Ocean during a spring thaw. There is also reason to believe that the whole moon is frozen ice. Recent evidence by the magnetometer data shows there is water there now, instead of the past (Savage Internet). One way the moon is not all frozen is tidal heating (Watters 138).

Another is since Europa is dense, with a rocky core, the heat may be generated by natural radioactive decay (Cooke CD-Rom). The last reason proposed is gravitational pull, from Jupiter and its three other moons. If water is under all that ice, most likely that is the reason. Then the search for life begins. Europa is considered one of the locations in the solar system most likely to have harbored life. Scientists predict that if there is life, it will be around heat sources.

Microbes can live on Earth under conditions possibly even more extreme than those found on Europa (Oceans on Europa CD-Rom). In recent studies heat and water, even without sunlight, are the two critical ingredients for keeping things alive or bringing them to life (Cooke CD-Rom). Out of the four moons on Jupiter, Europa has the greatest chance of having life (Dyson CD-Rom). The moon IO, is blazing hot with active volcanoes (Dyson CD-Rom).

Callisto, is a solid ball of ice covered with ancient craters (Dyson CD-Rom). This is why Europa is the one place scientists are aiming for. Just as asteroids and comets make an impact on Mars, which gives scientists an easy way to look for evidence of life, Europa is hit by them too. Every time a major impact occurs on Europa, a vast quantity of water is splashed from the ocean into the space around Jupiter.

Some of the water evaporates and some condenses into snow. Creatures living in the water far enough away from the impact have a chance of being splashed intact into space and quickly freeze-dried. This is an easy way to look for evidence of life in Europa's ocean. Works Cited Cooke, Robert. Does Europa Have the Recipe for Life.

Newsday 8 April 1997: B 23 +. SIRS. CD-ROM. Fall 1998.

Dasch, Pat, Allan Treiman. Ancient Life on Mars. Online. Internet.

Available: web (07 December 2000). Dyson, Freeman J. The Future of Space Exploration. Atlantic Monthly Nov 1997: 71 +. SIRS. CD-ROM.

Fall 1998. Europa, a Continuing Story of Discovery. Overview of Europa Facts. Online. Internet. Available: web (06 November 2000).

Mars Atmosphere and the Search for Life. Online. Internet. Available: web (06 December 2000). Oceans on Europa. Encarta.

CD-ROM. Microsoft Corporation, 1997. Savage, Don, Guy Webster. Galileo Evidence Points to Possible Water World under Europa's Icy Crust. Jupiter's Moon: Europa. 25 Aug. 2000.

Online. Internet. Available: web (23 Nov. 2000). The technologies that will get us to Mars.

Technology. Online. Internet. Available: web (23 Nov. 2000).

Watters, Thomas R. Planets: A Smithsonion Guide. New York: A Simon and Schuster Macmillan Company, 1995. Cooke, Robert. Does Europa Have the Recipe for Life.

Newsday 8 April 1997: B 23 +. SIRS. CD-ROM. Fall 1998. Dasch, Pat, Allan Treiman. Ancient Life on Mars.

Online. Internet. Available: web (07 December 2000). Dyson, Freeman J. The Future of Space Exploration. Atlantic Monthly Nov 1997: 71 +.

SIRS. CD-ROM. Fall 1998. Europa, a Continuing Story of Discovery. Overview of Europa Facts. Online.

Internet. Available: web (06 November 2000). Mars Atmosphere and the Search for Life. Online. Internet. Available: web (06 December 2000).

Oceans on Europa. Encarta. CD-ROM. Microsoft Corporation, 1997. Savage, Don, Guy Webster.

Galileo Evidence Points to Possible Water World under Europa's Icy Crust. Jupiter's Moon: Europa. 25 Aug. 2000. Online. Internet. Available: web (23 Nov. 2000). The technologies that will get us to Mars.

Technology. Online. Internet. Available: web (23 Nov. 2000). Watters, Thomas R. Planets: A Smithsonion Guide.

New York: A Simon and Schuster Macmillan Company, 1995.


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Research essay sample on Sirs Cd Rom Atlantic Monthly

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