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Julius Caesar was a strong leader for the Romans who changed the course of history for the Greco-Roman world decisively and irreversibly. With his courage and strength he created a strong empire. What happened during his early political career? How did he become such a strong dictator of the Roman Empire?
What events led up to the making of the triumvirate and why did he choose to take over? What happened during his reign as dictator of Rome? What events led up to Caesar? s assassination and what happened after it happened? Caesar was a major part of the Roman empire because of his strength and his strong war strategies.
Julius Caesar was a Roman general and statesman whose dictatorship was pivotal in Rome? s transition from republic to empire. As a child Caesar lived through one of the most horrifying decades in the history of the city of Rome. The city was assaulted twice and captured by Roman armies. First in 87 BCE by the leaders of the Populares, his uncle Marius and Cinna. Cinna was latter killed in the year that Caesar married her daughter Cornelia.
The Second attach upon the city was carried out by Marius? enemy, Sulla, leader of the Optimates, in the year 82 BCE. On each occasion the massacre of political opponents was followed by the confiscation of their property. The proscriptions of Sulla, which preceded the reactionary political legislation enacted during his dictatorship left a particularly bitter memory that long survived. Caesar left Rome for the providence of Asia. He left under the condition that he divorce his wife.
Because this was the only was Sulla would let him leave. When he heard the news of Sulla being killed he returned back to Italy. He then studied rhetoric under the distinguished teacher, Moon. Upon his return home to Rome in the winter of 75 - 76 BCE, Julius was captured by Pirates. They held him for random and when they asked for 20 talents as the ransom sum he laughed at them and responded that 50 would be more appropriate sum. Julius told them that when he was released he would crucify them and upon the arrival of the ransom sum he was released and Julius crucified them.
He then returned to Rome where he started his political career, starting with the quaetorship which he served from 69 - 68 BCE in the providence of Further Spain. In the Roman political world of the sixties the dominance of the opiates was challenged by Pompey and Crassus. The opiates, led by Quintus Lutatius Catulus and Lucius Licinius Lucullus, were chiefly men whose careers has been made by Sulla. Pompey and Crassus were consuls in 70 BCE and rescinded the most offensively reactionary measures of Sulla? s legislation. In 65 BCE Caesar was appointed aedile and married Pompey.
As aedile, Caesar returned Marius? trophies to their former place of honor in the Capitol, laying claim to leadership of the populares. When Caesar was a praetor, he supported a tribune who wanted Pompey recalled to restore order to Rome. As a result, Caesar was suspended from office for a period and antagonized Catulus. Before leaving for Spain to governor Further for a year, Caesar divorced his wife Pompey because of the allegation that she had been involved in the in the offense of Publius Clodius.
Who had been accused and awaiting trial for breaking into Caesar? s house. After his return from a successful year administrating Spain, Caesar was elected consul for 59 BCE through a political alliance with Pompey and Crassus. This alliance was called the first triumvirate. Caesar? s purpose was to gain a big military command.
Pompey for his part sought the ratification of his Eastern settlement and land allotments for his discharged troops. Crassus sought a revision of the contract for collecting taxes in the providence of Asia. An agrarian bill authorizing the purchase of land for Pompey? s veterans was passed in January of 59 BCE at a disorderly public assembly which Caesar?
s fellow consul Calpurnius Bibulus, was thrown from the platform and his consular insignia was broken. Bibulus tried to stop Caesar and his supporters from passing any further law but was only able to postpone the creation of the new laws by saying that the skies would not permit it because there was stormy weather and they were very superstitious. Caesar disregarded Bibulus? behavior and the remainder of the legislative program of the triumvirate was carried through. As a result of this action Caesar and his friends incurred bitter attacks. Their political opponents continued to claim that the whole of the legislation was unconstitutional and invalid.
Caesar had secures for five years the govern ship of three provinces. They were Cisalpine Gaul, Transplant Gaul, and Illyricum. He left Rome and remained in Gaul until the invasion of Italy. He continued north of the Alps each summer and he would leave his army there in garrison each winter while he came south to conduct the civil administration of Cisalpine Gaul and Illyricum and to keep in contact with Rome. Caesar became determined to conquer and make a providence of the whole of Gaul. After defeating the Belgic tribes in the north and the submission of the maritime tribes on the Atlantic seaboard, he believed that the task had been accomplished.
He then decided to make two short reconnaissance expedition, one across the Rhine and the other across the Straits of Dover to Britain. In a long serious invasion of Britain he crossed the Thames and received the submission of the supreme commander of the southeastern Britons, Cassivellaunus. It was voted that a fresh agreement needed to be made between Caesar and Pompey and Crassus at Luca. The opiates in control of the senate, now awake to the immense increase in Caesar? s personal power, wealth and prestige, kept Pompey in Italy, allowing him to govern his Spanish providence?
s by deputies. Pompey? s own attachment to Caesar was broken when Caesar? s daughter Julia, which Pompey had been married to since 59 BCE, died in 54 BCE.
Crassus was later killed by the Parthians at Carrhae in Mesopotamia. In planning Caesar? s return to civil life in Rome he could assume that as soon as he lost the immunity from prosecution which his military command conferred, his political enemies would endeavor to secure his exile by prosecuting him in the courts either for bribery or for the use of force in politics. In Rome there was support in the senate for a negotiated compromise when Curio put forth the proposal by which Caesar would give up his military command and stand in person at the consular election, on the condition that Pompey abandon his military command at the same time. On January 7 49 BCE Antony and one of his fellow tribunes were warned that their lives would be in danger if they sustained their veto and the proclamation of military law was passed. Caesar was told to leave his troops behind and cross the Rubicon into Rome alone.
Caesar knew that this was a death sentence for him so he did not leave his troops but marched into the city and caused a civil war. From the first time that he faced battle in Gaul and discovered his own military genius, Caesar was evidently fascinated and obsessed with military and imperial problems. He gave them an absolute priority over the more delicate by no less fundamental task of revising the Roman constitution. The need in the latter sphere was a solution which would introduce such elements of authoritarianism as were necessary to check corruption and administrative weakness. Caesar? s first dictatorship was simply a commission to enable him to hold election in the absence of the consuls of the year who were with Pompey, but after the news of Pharsalus, Caesar was created dictator again; after Tasks he was made dictator again for ten years and in the winter of 45 BCE he was appointed to perpetual leader.
When Caesar was out of Italy after 49 BCE real power lay in the hands of his representatives. When he was the dictator the most important of these representatives was his? master of the horse? . This was Mark Antony. Much resentment was felt by predominate senators such as Cicero on account of the great power and influence of such against Caesar. Caesar?
s military dominance was established beyond the possibility of successful challenge, the senate gave him a profusion of personal honors which were out of keeping with Roman tradition, reflecting as they did the extravagant distinctions accorded earlier to the Hellenistic kings. The month of July was named after Caesar and his statue was placed in the temple of Quirinus. Caesar was considered to be a dictator for life. According to the traditional Republican constitution this office was only suppose to be held for six months during a dire emergency. Caesar also obtained honors to increase his prestige.
He wore the robe, crown, and scepter of a triumphant general and used the title imperator. He was also in command of the armies. Caesar used the dictatorship and used it to increase his power. With all of his powers he was pretty much the King of Rome. Mark Antony was his major supporter and he helped convince the others to allow Caesar to have there abilities, but it led to some problems.
A group of conspirators had been formed against Caesar because they felt that he had too much power and that if he became the king of Rome he would become corrupt and use his power s to create a bad society. The senate resented his actual position that was shown in the sixty member conspiracy which Marcus Brutus has organized to kill him. On the Ides of March, two days before he was due to leave Rome on his great eastern expedition, he was stabbed to death at a meeting of the senate in Pompey? s new theater.
He fell dead at the foot of Pompey? s statue. Pompey was avenged, as well as Bibulus and Cato. After a provocative funeral oration by Mark Antony, his body was burned by the mob in the forum.
At the game in his honor the following July, a comet appeared and it was regarded as evidence of his godhead and he was formally consecrated as? dvds Julius? or divine Julius. Octavius, whose name became Caesar Octavian us after his adoption by Caesar? s will, solved, by his creation of the Roman principate, the constitutional problem that Caesar failed to solve. In the end Julius Caesar is one of the greatest stories of out time.
It is so significant that William Shakespeare chose to write a play on the events that took place. After researching a lot of material it has become apparent to me that Caesar was a power hungry man who became infatuated with conquering places and receiving more power. I truly believe that Julius Caesar is one of the worlds most remarkable stories of betrayal and power the world has ever been confronted with. 321
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