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Example research essay topic: Tcp Ip Physical Layer - 719 words

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Internetworking Technologies Handbook PART 1 Chapter 1: Internetworking Basics Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model: 7 Layers of Network Functionality Layer 7 Application Layer + Layer 6 Presentation Layer | Application Layer 5 Session Layer + Layer 4 Transport Layer + Layer 3 Network Layer | Layer 2 Data Link Layer | Data Transport Layer 1 Physical Layer + OSI Layers generally communicate with three other layers, the layer directly above and below as well as its peer layer. Physical Layer: Defines the electrical, mechanical, procedural, and functional specifications for activating, maintaining, and deactivating the physical link between communicating network systems. Physical Layer Implementations: LAN WAN Ethernet EIA/TIA- 232 IEEE 802. 3 EIA? TIA- 449 100 Base T V. 24 V. 35 Token Ring/IEEE 802. 5 HSSI G. 703 FDDI EIA- 530 X. 21 bis SIP Data-Link Layer: Provides reliable transit of data across a physical network link.

Different data link layer specifications define different network and protocol characteristics, including physical addressing, network topology, error notification, sequencing of frames, and flow control. Sub Layers: Logical Link Control (LLC) and Media Access Control (MAC) ++> +-+ | | | LLC | OSI Layer | Data Link | || Sub Layers | Layer | | | | | | MAC | ++> +-+ LLC: Defined in IEEE 802. 2 specification and supports both connectionless and connection-oriented services used by higher-layer protocols. MAC: Manages protocol access to the physical network medium. MAC Addresses enable multiple devices to uniquely identify one another at the data link layer.

Network Layer: Provides routing and related functions that enable multiple data links to be combined into an internetwork. This is accomplished by the logical addressing (as opposed to the physical addressing) of devices. Network layer protocols typically are routing protocols, but other types of protocols are implemented at the network layer as well. Common Routing Protocols: Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) An Internet inter domain routing protocol Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) a link-state, interior gateway protocol developed for use in TCP/IP networks Routing Information Protocol (RIP) An Internet routing protocol that uses hop count as its metric Transport Layer: Implements reliable internetwork data transport services that are transparent to upper layers. Transport-layer functions typically flow control, multiplexing, virtual circuit management, and error checking and recovery.

Virtual circuits are established, maintained, and terminated by the transport layer. Flow Control: Manages data transmission between devices so that the transmitting device does not send more data than the receiving device can process. Transport-Layer Implementations: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Name Binding Protocol (NBP) Protocol that associates AppleTalk names with addresses Session Layer: Establishes, manages, and terminates communication sessions between presentation layer entities. Communication sessions consist of service requests and service responses that occur between applications located in different network devices.

These requests and responses are coordinated by protocols implemented at the session layer. Session Layer Implementations: Zone Information Protocol (ZIP) The AppleTalk protocol that coordinates the name binding process Session Control Protocol (SCP) The DECnet Phase IV session-layer protocol Presentation Layer: Provides a variety of coding and conversion functions that are applied to application layer data. These functions ensure that information sent from the application layer of one system will be readable by the application layer of another system. Presentation-layer implementations are not typically associated with a particular protocol stack. Some well-known standards for video include QuickTime and Motion (MPEG). Application Layer: Closest layer to the end user, which means that both OSI application layer and the user interact directly with the software application.

This layer interacts with software applications that implement a communicating component. Such application programs fall outside the scope of the OSI model. Application-after functions typically include identifying communication partners, determine resource availability, and synchronizing communication. Two key types of application-layer implementations are TCP/IP applications and OSI applications. Application-Layer Implementations: TCP/IP apps Such as Telnet, FTP, SMTP, that exist in the Internet Protocol suite OSI apps File Transfer, Access, and Management (FTAM) Virtual Terminal Protocol (VTP) Common Management Information Protocol (CMIP), that exist in the OSI suite. Common Information Formats: Frame, Packet, Datagram, Segment, Message, Cell, and Data Unit.

Important Terms: Protocol: A formal set of rules and conventions that governs how computers exchange information over a network medium. Protocol Groups: LAN protocols, WAN protocols, network protocols, and routing protocols. IEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers


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