Example research essay topic: United States Government African American Women - 3,243 words

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Thesis: The Native American, the Cherokee and Choctaw, who were own their land in this country. The United States Government west of the Mississippi River had moved them. The United States government used their trick by declaring treaties and land-allotment programs in purpose of moving the Native Americans from their original land. Without mercy violating all of the treaties that had been signed.

The Native American could not do anything and they were thrown out of their homeland. They were not willing to go to preservation as the US government suggested since they would be a distinct people over there and faced racism. They afraid they were not Indian anymore, they dont want to assimilate with other culture to preserve their culture kept steadily. I.

Indian Removal A. Cherokee 1. United States Government wished to move the Cherokee people west of the Mississippi. 2. The United States government made treaties and promises with the Cherokee people. 3. The United States directly violated these treaties with the Cherokee and was also ignored by the state officials. 4. Cherokee people peacefully petitioned the United States government. 5.

Removal of the Cherokee peoples either peacefully or with the use of force, and moved to a reservation. B. Nez Perce 1. United States government again as with the Cherokee people wanted the Nez Perce land and did so by signing treaties with the Nez Perce. 2. US government broke these treaties and ordered General Howard to remove the Nez Perce land and to claim full title of the lands in the Walla Walla Valley. 3. Treaties with the Nez Perce were all nullified time and time again. 4.

Some Nez Perce wanted to fight for their land and against the white man, this led to a war with the US government. 5. However, Chief Joseph wanted peace with the white man. 6. Nez Perce evaded the US government and were peacefully taken to a reservation. C. The Choctaws Indians 1. The land-allotment program became the principal strategy for taking territory away from the Choctaw as. 2.

In 1805 Choctaws signed a treaty with the federal government stating that the government had reserved certain tracts of land for individual Choctaws President Jefferson wanted to transform the Choctaws people into farmers. 3. The removal (September 1830) + The state offered to purchase the Choctaws land, but the representative turned down the offer saying that few Choctaw Indian were willing to sell their lands. + When their attempt failed the Mississippi States Government threatened to use federal forces to destroy the Choctaws, within a week. + By intimidation the state managed to clinch a treaty (Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek). In this treaty, the Choctaws were forced to give up all of their 10, 423, 130 acres of land. 4. The treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek and the land-allotment program unleashed white expansion: speculators, farmers, planters proceeded to take Indian land legal white absolving themselves from any responsibility for Indian removal. 5.

Uprooted, many of the Choctaws felt biter and angry. The Choctaws denounced the president for betraying them The man [Andrew Jackson] who said that he would plant a stake and draw a line around us, that never should be passed, a Choctaws charged was the first to say he could not guard the lines, and grew up the stake and wiped out all traces of the line. II. The Cherokees trails of tears. A. Georgia legislature passed a law that extends the states authority over the land is occupied by the Cherokee Nation in 1892.

B. Tribe members who tried to influence other Cherokee to stay in Georgia will be imprisoned. Furthermore, no Indian may testify in court against a white person. C. Cherokees will have to either move or be governed by the Georgia States law. D.

They refused to leave their land, because that Andrew Jackson had promised them peace and safety between the whites and the Indians. E. A commissioner, J. F.

Schermerhorn, to negotiate a treaty. He succeeded to obtain a treaty, signed by John Ridge, a head of a small pro removal faction of the Cherokee nation. F. The treaty had to be ratified, so John Ross was jailed to prevent disturbance. G. The council that ratified the treaty was made of a small fraction of the Cherokee tribe.

All of those who were present were the pro removal of Indians, to ensure the validity of the contract. H. The treaty were a fraud attempt, but it was still taken as a valid treaty by the congress and the president. I.

White intruders start to take over ended lands and also killed many Cherokees. J. John Ross petitioned with more than 15, 000 signatures of the Cherokees. However, the federal government dismissed it.

K. The military was ordered to carry out a forced removal of the Cherokees to the West. L. On the journey along the trails of tears, many of the exiled Cherokees died because of cold weather and diseases. III The Dawes ActA. Passed by the congress in 1887.

B. Was develop to break-up the reservation and accelerate the transformation of the Indians into property owners and US citizens. C. President was granted power, at his discretion and without Indian consent to allot reservation lands to individual heads of family in the amount of 160 acres. D.

Daws Act called upon Indians to give up, abandon their tribal affiliation, and adopt the habits of civilized life. E. Negative Effects of the Daws Act: 1. Lost the sense of unity as a tribe 2. When a landowner dies, his land will be auctioned unless the relatives can pay for it. 3. Loss of a large amount of land.

F. In 1891, land reduction for the year totaled 17, 400, 000 acres taken from the Indian people. G. Basically cheated the Indians out of their land one way or another.

H. Slowly the Indians lost everything they own. IV. Type (s) of Racism targeted Indian people A. Passive Racism 1. Their approval of the government action 2.

People area also committing passive racism by not trying to stop Indian removal. 3. The whole populations way of thinking regarding the Indians. B. Active Racism 1. Every individual in the United Stated was born to have inferior views of the Indians. Thesis: The Jewish, Irish, Chicana, Chinese women were not valued as women and had to work like a slave and valued as a minorities.

Furthermore, they had been exploited in the labor force to satisfy the master. They were not value as women again that time and their condition and status were very poor. I. The minorities women were double exploited in the labor force, but they had some similarities: such as: A. They were paid less than other women laborers and less than men were. B.

They worked under extreme and dangerous conditions. C. They had to go home after work and took care of domestic responsibilities II. Takakis Account of Different Races in Laboring America Society A.

The Chinese women 1. At the beginning, Chinese women forcedly come into prostitution. + They became addicted of drugs. + They were often beat and threatened badly. + Not few of them were killed and suicide. 2. Later on, Chinese women became the cheap laborers as the housekeepers. + These factories had very dangerous conditions. + They often drove deaf, with headache and sometimes mentally imbalance. 3. The other women who were married or had been able to pay of their debts and free themselves. 4. Many Chinese families opened restaurant and laundry to make money. 5. Later on, after the WWII they were accepted in the society with normal everyday jobs.

B. The Irish Women 1. Firstly, Irish women constitute over half of the Irish immigrants as servants. 2. Later on, most of the Irish women work as household laborers of factory workers. 3. Many Irish women who need more personal freedom worked in a paper box factory. 4. Irish women were also heavily employed in the sewing trade. + They worked for low wages in cramped and dangerous position. + In 1860, 116 Irish women were hurts and 88 were killed in the factory.

C. The Jewish Women 1. The Jewish community especially the women workers transformed the Garment Industry. + In 1890, 60 percents of Jews worked in the clothing industry. + The arm of tailors as they called workers in physically punishing sweatshops. 2. Many Jewish Women also were homemakers and having job at home. D. Mexican American Women. 1.

Chicana assigned to the worst job and receives the lowest wage. 2. Many Chicana women worked in Garment Factories, food-processing plants, and canneries. + They worked hard, pooling resources in order to put food on the table. 3. Most of the Chincanas also worked as servants, waiters, cooks, and maids. + Unlike Irish, Chicana's generally did not work on a live in basis. + They also had to perform similar services at their own home. + They pay very low, and the work was from breakfast until supper dishes. 4. In southwest, Chincanas worked in the fields while tending children, then took care of families after works. III The double oppression, being the women and minorities at the same time. A.

Consequences of being a minority 1. The people who have the power and money often looked down the minorities. 2. The majorities often underestimated the minorities. 3. The minorities were often paid cheaply compare with majorities The minorities were often got no freedom.

B. Consequences of being a woman 1. The women were looked down as being inferior to men. 2. Her husband treated the women as slave. 3.

The women were not paid enough based on there gender. 4. The women were looked down because of their gender. 5. The women were had nor the same opportunity in the jobs, society, etc. C. African American Women and their double oppression 1. Black women, as slaves often were sexual objects to thei masters and this caused deep server mental trauma. 2.

The great Crash shattered blacks in to poverty by Zora Neal Norton, the African American Woman Writer of literature and poetry. D. The double oppression was extremely hard against the minority women because they combined both of the factors together and had extremely large odds against them achieving much of anything in life simply based on their races and gender. III.

Slave Status of African American Women A. As the slaves they were forced to obey their master. B. They were used to multiply the slave population. C.

Their bodies were regards as property of the master. Thesis: During the World War II, Native American, African American, Mexican, Japanese and Chinese of five different peoples of color and women were discriminating in the United States. The White American was discriminated those races; they were faced racism. They want to find a better place to live and get a better job in the America. They have a lot of reasons to come to America. Some people come because they want to escape from war in their countries or poor living in their places or not many job opportunities in their areas.

They first came to America, and they had also face racism. They also struggled racism to White American and were trying to get the same opportunity as White American in the United States. I. Japanese American A. The war front 1. 33, 000 served in the armed forces-during the war Many were in intelligence, as translator in the Pacific theater. - Richard Sakakidas interpretation of Japanese plans made it possible for the US to ambush them as they landed. B.

In Europe, there were two regiments. 1. Hawaii one hundred was all Japanese Americans (the purple heart) - Fought in Italy and Africa- Called the Purple Heart Battalion due its high number of casualties 2. 442 nd regiment the most decorated regiment in the US history- Fought in Luciana, Livorno, and Arno River. - 1, 272 casualties suffered representing 1 / 4 of the unit. 3. Earned three medals in 1814. C. White politicians and businessmen pushed for the removal from the West Coast. 1. Whites saw them as rivals, taking away jobs. 2.

Hawaii, they wanted to move them out, but did not because they were so important to the economy- A lot of agricultural laborers- 90 % of carpenters- Nearly all transportation workers D. Japanese American military contribution shortened the war by two years. 1. Treated as enemies the Japanese Americans, wanted to show how much they loved the United States, through blood, death, and sweat. 2. Went to help Jewish prisoners in the camps. II. Chinese American Contribution A.

Chinese wanted to be part of America, many joined the military 1. 13, 499 were drafted or enlisted in the armed forces- Mrs. Emily Lee Shek became the first Chinese woman to join the WAACS. 2. 22 % of them were adult males B. Many opportunities opened up for them because of war 1. Especially in defense industry- Made up 15 % of labor force in San Francisco's shipyards. 2. Several hundred Chinese women found work as office workers 3.

Now they enter jobs such as aircraft production, ship building, etc. 4. They were once forced to stay in jobs such as restaurant and laundries. C. Chinese were able to become more American by proving their worth 1.

In 1943 it was made official when the Chinese exclusion Act was repealed Allowed 105 Chinese immigrants annually- Right to become naturalized citizens 2. Chinese workers in the San Francisco Bay Area were 15 % of the shipyard Workers. 3. Chinese could seek political membership 4. The law extended the right of naturalized citizenship D. The forty-niners 1. Helped build America- gold-mountain dream-come true- Irrigation systems in the California and its transcontinental railroad. - III Native Americans contribution A. 25, 000 Indians served in the military including 800 women 1.

They used to work against Japanese code beakers by using native language that Japanese were unable to decode. 2. 8, 000 of 40, 000 Indians were in military uniform, a higher rate than the general population. - Individuals and groups coming into Selective Service agencies armed ready to be shipped to the war front immediately. - Stereotypical views of Indians from the frontier days re-emerged in the fighting and survival skills of the Native American soldier. 3. Volunteers from the Ford Peck Sioux 4. They also taught in Europe along side the white soldier, they later came to trust and rely on each other. B. The war offered opportunities for Indian participation in the defense of America 1. Served in the Army Air Corps- More than thirty earned The Distinguished Fighting Cross. - 70 won an additional Air Medals. 2. 45 th Army Infantry Division, Thunderbird, served in No.

Africa, France, and Italy- 3, 747 dead, 4, 403 missing, and 19, 403 wounded 3. They learned highly technical jobs and became modern workers. C. The home front 1. $ 13 million worth of war bonds-purchased in April 19342. 40, 000 people in defense related jobs. One-half of able-bodied men not in the service, one-fifth of women. 3.

Increases of Native Americans in cities went from 5 % in 1940 to 10 % in 1950. - Training of sheet metal and mechanics in reservation became valuable skills in tank factories, airplane plants, and shipyard. D. Native American fought since although American had treated them badly, the Nazis surely be worse 1. They said that winning the war meant more than just defeating hitler, it meant New Hope for those who have no hope. E.

A-Choctaws scout in Philippines led guerrilla forces until war was over. IV. Mexican-American Contribution A. Latinos were already in the military prior to Pearl Harbor 1. 500, 000 Mexican Americans served in the military 2. As members of New Mexico's 200 th and 515 th Coast Artillery, National Guard, were in the Philippines before Pearl Harbor due to ability to speak Spanish. - Some of its members killed of captured at the fall of bataan.

B. The war led not to the deportation but to the import of laborers from Mexico 1. Important of additional mexican laborers, sponsored by the Federal government- September 29, 1942 first 1, 500 laborers from Mexico arrive in California. - 4, 000 additional laborers in 1942 - 52, 000 laborers in 1943 - 62, 000 laborers in 1944 - 120, 000 laborers in 19452. Meet new demand for agricultural production (the bracero program) - They assisted the war effort by growing and harvesting sugar beets, plums, cotton, and tomatoes. 1944, worked 21 states, harvesting crops worth $ 432, 000, 0003. Worked the rail system as maintenance laborers and section hands transporting men and machine of the armed forces. 4. Suffered from discrimination in the US- Zoot Suit riot in LA, 1943, hundreds of Anglo service men attacked well dressed Latino men, stereotyped as gangsters and despised for their sharp dress. - But through military sacrifice they earned full right of citizenship.

C. A Chicano slogan had said American all 1. Urging Mexican Americans to join Anglo compatriots in arms 2. Anglo's pushing and holding their people in the Southwest 3. Why fight for America when not treated as one D. Mexican immigrants crossed over to El Norte, to find their dream crush in th promise land 1.

Wanting a decent home, job, and peaceful community 2. Chicanos felt they earned citizenship E. Having to fight and defend themselves from white antagonists 1. Hoping by defending America, they would have won as equality they had never Known 2. They fought at home and abroad V.

African-American Contribution A. The war front 1. Before the war in 1940 only 5, 000 were in the army ranks- 5, 000 were blacks in the army ranks 2. By 1944 their were increases in enlistment- 145, 000 served in the Navy- 700, 000 in the army- 5, 000 in the Coast Guard- 4, 000 women in the Womens Army Corps- 17, 000 in the Marine Corps 3. Participation in the Battle of the Bulge by 761 st Tank Battalion- Other heroic deeds by black infantry men in integrated units gave him value that equal to white man B. Heavy discrimination still existed 1.

Black challenged whites- Prove that whites are not hypocrites when saying that the war is for freedom- Saying the war is no against Hitler in Europe but against Hitler in America- Not to defend democracy but get democracy 2. Relegated to low paying unskilled labor before war 3. Wanted to high paying skilled labor brought on by the war- Confined to the unskilled and service occupations, they now wanted better and higher paying jobs generated by the war- Unwilling to wait for open employment, demanded action from federal government C. President Roosevelt signed executive order 8802 in June 25, 19411. Fair employment practices, no discrimination in employment based on color, race, creed, and national origin. 2. New policy opened doors for tens of thousands of blacks.

D. Result one million blacks entered the industrial labor force during the war 1. LAs black population doubles from 75, 000 to 135, 0002. In 1945 they were more than 8 % of all defense workers 3. Employment opportunities, over a half million blacks left the south between 1940 and 19454. Racial black lash at this migration- Racially motivate riots in Detroit, Harlem, and other American cities.

Research essay sample on United States Government African American Women