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Since the first single base pair substitution undergoing an inherited disease inhuman's, 20 years have elapsed. The disease in humans was characterized at the DNA level. The initiative was recently taken to be established for resources for pathological genetic variants. Spontaneously mutations may occur or they maybe induced irradiation, some external stimulus. Gene mutation in humans is a highly specific process with important implications for the nature prevalence and diagnosis of genetic disease. The recognition of certain DNA sequences are hyper mutable and has yielded dust the endogenous mutational mechanisms that are involved and provided into the intricacies of DNA replication and repair.
A fuller understanding of mutational processes maybe important in molecular diagnostic medicine by improvements in design efficacy of the search of mutations procedures and strategies in genetic disorders. Fruit fly Drosophila, is what research in genetics came to focus on. from egg to maturity this was an animal with a generation time of 14 days and capable of producing 1000 eggs in their life time. They were also very inexpensive, small, and easy to maintained breed. When this research started (the new era in genetic research. ) Thomas Hunt Morgan had one Major disadvantage in 1909, there were only one type to work with, the (wild type). With in a year and thousands of flies, Morgan found his first mutant.
Thisone had white eyes instead of red-colored eyes. By 1915 him and his students had found 85 different mutants. By: Tashia Mader Footnotes: Figure 10 - 11 From: (T. H.
Morgan, The Theory Genes, ) pg. 435 Cell Biology Eleven pairs of chromosomes were found by Sutton in grasshoppersspermatogonia. In 1901 the accessory chromosomes were involved with determination one of the individual. A few years later this waas confirmed and it was shown that the mle could be distinguished by it s chromosomes from the female. Females gametes will have X chromosome, and half of the sperm will have X and half will have Y chromosomes.
Association of genes into linkage groups was found to occur, usually the linkage was incomplete, new combinations of characteristics were found. The frequency with the unexpected combinations will occur, being varied depending on two genes that are compared, but will be constant for any pair. Two genes that are located on the X chromosome, will typically have approximate 1 % new combinations. Morgan offered an explanation for the breakdown in linkage and for the variation init s strength in 1911. Morgan capitalized on his observation and proposal, he suggested that the phenomenon (crossing over), this could account fot new combinations among the offspring. Exchange of chromosomal parts occur during meiosis, then potential exsistancefor genes that have previously has been present on the same chromosome and become separated from each other and occupy positions on different chromosomes.
By: Tashia Mader Footnote- Phenomenon: An occurance or fact that is directly perceptible by the senses. Offspring with chromosomes with one characteristic located on the maternal part a chromosome with another characteristic on a paternal part of the same chromosome. With strong evidence the percentages of recombination's were constant for a pair genes that are positioned along the chromosome which was fixed regardless of the cell an individual in the population. Mutation- A change in the hereditary material of an organism, producing a change in some characteristics of the organism; especially, alternation of the character of a GENE. jklhjdkasufakjk
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Research essay sample on Tashia Mader X Chromosome Genes
