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Example research essay topic: Women And Children Industrial Revolution - 882 words

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The Industrial Revolution was a time of drastic change and transformation from hand tools and hand made items to machine manufactured and mass produced goods. This change generally helped life but also hindered it as well. Pollution, such as CO 2 levels in the atmosphere rose, working conditions declined and the number of women and children working increased. The government, the arts, literature, music and architecture and man s way of looking at life all changed during the period. The Industrial Revolution was mainly based upon the cotton industry, subsequently, most of the inventions made during the hundred years after 1780 were mainly for manufacturing and producing cotton. The year was 1733, the demand for cotton cloth was high, but production was low.

This crisis had to be solved or England s economy would be hindered. The answer came from a British weaver, John Kay, who invented and fashioned the flying shuttle, which cut weaving time in half. John Kay was a pioneer and his invention paved the way for numerous inventors. In 1764 James Hargreaves, a carpenter and hand-loom weaver invented the spinning jenny. This invention was capable of producing sixteen threads at once, these threads however, were not strong enough. Richard Arkwright solved this problem in 1769 by inventing the water frame.

This invention along with the spinning mule invented by Samuel Crompton in 1779 increased the mechanical advantage over the spinning wheel enormously. Cleaning cotton, a tedious and time consuming job was simplified in 1793 by Eli Whitney with the cotton gin, which could clean cotton 50 times as fast. With the help of all of these cotton weaving inventions, mass production had begun, along with capitalism. Capitalists, people who have their own materials, money and space, bought many machines and stored them in a factory, where hired people worked the whole day manufacturing goods. The factory system had replaced the cottage industry.

Mass production made usually expensive items, such as shoes, less expensive and easily affordable by lower class and less wealthy people. The quality of life had improved. In the 1800 s inventions weren t just limited to the cotton industry. Steam engines were invented, providing a faster mode of transportation, instead of the use of horses and carriages.

With steam engines, people were able to move farther away from rivers and sources of water to start cities. In 1769, James Watt patented his first steam engine incorporating a model of the engine devised by Thomas Newcomen and a separate chamber to condense the steam eliminating the need to cool the cylinder. Matthew Boulton provided the capital for a partnership with Watt and by 1800 the firm had sold 289 engines for use in factories and mines. Inventions brought on the most drastic changes during the Industrial Revolution.

Machines made life easier and decreased prices and generally improved life. Before the 1750 s life was very primitive but simple, which might have been better than sophisticated and complicated. Because the Industrial Revolution increased the scale of production, the factory system came about. The factory system caused millions to migrate from the countryside and small towns into cities. First-generation urban workers had to learn how to discipline themselves to the factory whistle and survive in a slum. Businessmen and their wives had to learn how to manage a work force and achieve respectable prominence for themselves in the community.

One impact that industrialization and urbanization had on working and living conditions was the teaching of class-consciousness. Men and women began to see themselves as part of a class. Living conditions, especially those of the urban working class were less than healthy. Family life for the middle class revolved around the husband and father being the master. The wife was often thought of as a superior servant. Houses of middle class families were no where near as depressing as those of the working class.

Housing was generally poorly built, water was not clean and crowding was not uncommon for the working class families. Medical advances of the Industrial Revolution, such as Edward Jenner s technique of vaccination, contributed to the decline in the virulence of certain fatal diseases. This eventually lead to overpopulation, and then lead to underemployment and poverty. Also, starvation was a common occurrence. Women and children were employed in factories during the nineteenth century. Even more women worked at home or in sweatshops.

Most unmarried women worked as servants, leading them to be trapped into undesired sexual relationships with their male employers or their sons. Conditions in factories and mines were dirty and dangerous. Workdays were often twelve to fourteen hours long. Workplaces were unventilated and machines were not safely fenced off. Poisons were used in manufacturing processes and deformation resulted from standing all day in weird positions at machines.

In mines, lung diseases and eye infections were constant threats to life. Learning the discipline of the whistle was arduous. Most workers could not tell time nor did they even own clocks, yet they were still expected to begin and end work at the same time everyday. The Industrial Revolution brought on more technology, wealth and power, but at what consequence? The people were living in filth, working unthinkable hours and being paid very little.

The revolution shaped modern society to what it is today. 332


Free research essays on topics related to: women and children, steam engines, industrial revolution, cotton industry, mass production

Research essay sample on Women And Children Industrial Revolution

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