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Example research essay topic: First Telephone Exchange Sheets An Hour Press - 1,284 words

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Since the beginning of time, people have had the need to communicate with one and other. The most common type of communication is speech, but you could not talk to someone who lived 20 miles away. Then written language was developed, people marked symbols on paper, stone, or whatever was available. Then hundreds of years passed, and people who wanted to share their ideas with people had to do allot of writing, until someone thought to make a writing machine. This machine is called the printing press. Gutenberg's invention of the printing press is widely thought of as the origin of mass communication it marked Western cultures first viable method of disseminating ideas and infomation from a single source to a large and far-ranging audience.

The story of print is a long and complex one. It may be too much to claim that print was the single cause of the massive social, political and psychological changes it is associated with. However, print did wield enormous influence on every aspect of European culture. Some historians suggest that print was instrumental in bringing about all the major shifts in science, religion, politics and the modes of thought that are commonly associated with modern Western culture. Gutenberg foresaw enormous profit-making potential for a printing press that used movable metal type. Despite their rapid growth in numbers, secular scribes simply could not keep up with the commercial demand for books.

Gutenberg also saw strong make potential in selling indulgences, the slips of paper offering written dispensation from sin that the Church sold to fund crusades, new buildings and other projects devoted to expanding its dominance. In fact, press runs of 200, 000 indulgences at a time were common soon after the handwritten versions became obsolete. There were many different innovations since the first hand operated printing press. The Stanhope press, which was widely used for many years, still used a hand-operated screw to press print and paper, but it could print up to 250 sheets an hour. A considerable improvement was the Colombian press. In this press, the typical screw method was eliminated, and replaced with powerful hand levers.

All of there presses, and variants of them, had two features in common: they were manually operated, and the flat surfaces of print and paper were pressed together by a screw or lever. A man names Fredric Koenig invited the steam press, this press has a cylinder which rolled the paper over the inked type. This press was much more efficient, and could print up to 1000 sheets per hour. Since then the printing press has progressed greatly, the fastest printing press in the world can print up to 110, 000 sheets an hour. The Morse system of telegraphy was invented by Samuel Morse in the 1840 s in the United Strates. Morse Code is essentially a simple way to represent the letters of the alphabet using patterns of dots and dashes.

A unique pattern is assigned to each character of the alphabet, as well as to the ten numerals. These long and short pulses are translated into electrical signals by an operator using a telegraph key, and the electrical signals are translated back into the alphabetic characters by a skilled operator at the distant receiving instrument. morse telegraphy became the standard method of electrical communication in both the United States and Europe due to its simplicity and ability to work on inferior quality wires. In 1851, countries in Europe adopted a new code known as continental or international code. This new code was a modification of the original Morse. The new code eliminated the characters using spaced dots which were found to cause errors in transmission on undersea cables.

The new code became the standard for all telegraph work except in north america where the original Morse was used on all landline circuits (except for undersea cable). The applications of the Morse telegraph were many. Tha most well known of these to the general public was the commercial telegram service. The railroads were an early and enthusiastic user of the Morse system which improved the efficiency and safety of railroad operations. The Associated Press was originally an alliance of Morse telegraph services and operators dedicated to news dispatches.

Industry found the telegraph indispensable for the transmission of business related communication including information on stocks and commodities. The American civil war was the one of the first demonstrations of the military value of the telegraph in the control of troop deployment and intelligence. Even the flow of oil through pipelines was controlled by Morse telegraph. In the 1920? s automated teleprinter technology had become reliable enough to begin to replace the Morse operator. Manual landline telegraphy was slowly phased out until the 1960?

s when Western Union and the railroads discontinued use of their last Morse circuits. Morse continued to be used in Canada until the mid 1970? s, and railroads in Mexico were still using the wire at least until 1990. A pioneer in the field of telecommunications, Alexander Graham Bell was born in 1847 in Edinburgh, Scotland.

He moved to the United States, settling in Boston, before beginning his career as an inventor. Throughout his life, Bell had been interested in the education of deaf people. This interest lead him to invent the microphone and, in 1876, his electrical speech machine, which we now call a telephone. News of his invention quickly spread throughout the country, even throughout Europe.

By 1878, Bell had set up the first telephone exchange in New Haven, Connecticut. By 1884, long distance connections were made between Boston, Massachusetts and New York City. Telephones are actually very simple devices. A diaphragm or reed is vibrated from the voice of the caller. The vibrations are send through a wire as a fluctuating electrical current. This current is connected to a diaphragm or reed on the other end, that vibrates in step with the callers voice.

Alexander Bell lodged his key patent om March 10 th 1876, only several hours before Elisha Gray lodged a similar one. A 10 year legal battle ensued, and bell eventually won, and founded the famous Bell Telephone Company, which made him a very wealthy man. By January, 1878, the first telephone exchange, with only 21 customers, opened in New Haven Connecticut. Then in 1884 boston was linked up with new york, a distance of about 300 miles, it cost about $ 75, 000. By 19000, there were over a million telephones in the U. S.

alone. And now about 99 % of of american households have a telephone. The impact of the telephone has been described as both positive and negative. On the negative side, wars are waged more easily, the scope of human conflict has been extended along telephone lines, the multi-generational household has been broken-up as living alone is no longer an experiment in isolation, and the time-space continuum seems to be compressed faster than previously thought possible (Brooks, 1976). On the other hand, the invention of the telephone has resulted in the rapid and diffuse dissemination of technical and scientific information, saved lives through links to emergency services, made possible the modern city through telephonic connections, increased the speed and ease with which information changes place, and accelerated the rate of scientific and technological change and growth in industry (Brooks, 1976).

Since the invention of the printing press, communication over distances has become much more feasible. The invention of the the telephone, computer, and the internet has made such an impact on our society. Now we are able to view tremendous multitudes of information from our own living room. The history of modern communication is still ongoing, and will continue to progress far into the future.


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Research essay sample on First Telephone Exchange Sheets An Hour Press

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