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government didnt approve of at all. Armed only with honesty and a bamboo stick, Gandhi got through demands like a retail on rent pay to the English land-owners, freedom for the Indians to grow crops of their own choice and the establishment of a part- Indian commission to hear grievances from the Indians. The Englishmen allowed these demands without questions, just to see the back of him. But Gandhi had greater aims.
They sent Gandhi to jail several times, but they always had to release him, because he never used or indirectly caused violence or crime. He convinced almost everyone that nonviolence increases respect and decreases hate, but terror-actions and violence justifies the atrocities. Now, the Englishmen were getting afraid of this little, big man. And fright made them dangerous. In the town of Amritsar in 1919, English solider's, armed with guns, attacked and shot to kill hundreds of nationalist demonstrators, demonstrators whos goal was, ironically enough, nonviolence. 1516 demonstrators were killed or wounded.
The general said that he wanted to give the Indians a lesson that would have an impact throughout all of India. The English people and government repudiated this terrible action and the attitude that prompted it. The massacre of Amritsar turned Gandhi to direct political protest, and made it possible for him to propose that maybe it was time for the Englishmen to go home for good. Within a year he was the dominant figure in the Indian National Congress, where Gandhi challenged the Brits: 100. 000 Englishmen cannot control 350 million Indians if these Indians wont cooperate. That was what Gandhi wanted to achieve when he launched on a policy of noncooperation with the British. Nonviolence and noncooperation would make India independent of the British Empire, and the Indians would see the Englishmen off as friends.
The first action of this noncooperation policy was to make the indians realize that to buy and use cotton clothing made in England made the Indian people unemployed and poor. But one day a policeman got killed as a direct consequence of one of the civil disobedience-marches, and Gandhi felt obligated to abandon total noncooperation. Despite that Gandhi actually stopped a revolution that cold have cost hundreds of Englishmen's lives, Gandhi was sentenced to jail, this time on the charges of encouraging the Indian people to noncooperation and civil disobedience. The Englishmen thought that after a few years in jail, Gandhi would be forgotten. But from the first day he became a free man he once again fought for a free India. In 1930 Gandhi arranged one of his most famous anti-English action: The salt march.
This was a reaction to England's unreasonable salt-taxes. The India people are, as all other people, dependent of salt. Many Indians couldnt afford salt because of the new taxes. Gandhi gathered hundreds of thousands people, and they all marched towards the Indian Sea to extract salt from the ocean. First, the British government chose to overlook it, but after a while they tried to stop the action.
They arrested 90 - 100. 00 people, and in one demonstration the British solider's killed and wounded 10 - 20. 000 men. After the salt-massacre the British empires moral and ethic reputation was lost forever (if there ever were any). India had endured all the cruelties, unreason and hardship, and the people had neither defeated nor retreated. In every bodies hearts, India was now free and independent. It seemed like the British government finally saw that, because in 1931 Gandhi was invited to participate in a government-conference in London, to discuss the possible independence of India. But the talking in England ends in nothing, India is still a part of the British empire.
Together with his struggle for political independence, Gandhi fought to improve the status of the lowest classes of society, the casteless Untouchables, whom he called harijan's (children of God). He was a believer in manual labor and simple living; he spun the thread and wove the cloth for his own garments and insisted that his followers do so, too. He disagreed with those who wanted India to become an industrial country. Gandhi thought that his philosophy, the nonviolent resistance, could be used during World War II. Not without a great number of casualties and deaths of course, but people always get killed or wounded in wars. In 1942 - 44, Gandhi was imprisoned for the last time, after he had demanded total withdrawal of the British (the Quit India movement).
Gandhi was tireless in his attempts to get a closer relationship between the Hindu majority and the numerous minorities of India, particularly the Muslims. His greatest failure, in fact, was his inability to dissuade India Muslims, led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, from creating a separate state, Pakistan. When independence of India was finally achieved in 1947 after negotiations in which Gandhi was a principal participant, he opposed the partition of India with such intensity that he launched a mass movement against it. This resulted in a gruesome Civil War in India and Pakistan, the muslims fought the hindu. Millions of people got killed, men, women and children were slaughtered. Gandhi couldnt watch this without action.
He started fasting and said he would not eat until he was convinced that the fighting would stop, and never ever start again. And once again the people of India listened to Back, the countrys Father. The fighting stopped and the people swore that they would rather die than fight again, noone wanted to see Gandhi die! Nobody but one. January 30, 1948, Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated in Deals by a Hindu fanatic who mistakenly thought that Gandhi was both pro-Muslim and pro-Pakistan. India had lost their father, the whole world had lost one of the greatest and wisest men ever.
Gen. George C. Marshal, American Secretary of State, said about Gandhi: Mahatma Gandhi has become a spokesman for the conscience of all mankind. He was a man who made humility and simple truth more powerful than Empires. And Albert Einstein added: Generations to come will scarcely not believe that such a man as this ever in flesh and blood walked upon this Earth. Sources: The film Gandhi The new Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia, release 6
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Research essay sample on Mahatma Gandhi Civil Disobedience
