NOTE: Free essay sample provided on this page should be used for references or sample purposes only. The sample essay is available to anyone, so any direct quoting without mentioning the source will be considered plagiarism by schools, colleges and universities that use plagiarism detection software. To get a completely brand-new, plagiarism-free essay, please use our essay writing service.
One click instant price quote
30 Eli Ginsberg and Alfred S. Either, Troublesome Presence: Democracy and Black Americans (London: Transaction Publishers, 1993) p. 201. 31 Ibid. p. 203. 32 Harvard Sitkoff, The Struggle for Black Equality (New York: Hill and Wang, 1989) pp. 162. 33 Although the March on Washington was called a march for, Freedom and Jobs the goals of the March were political and social and not economic. The reason the March was called a march for, Freedom and Jobs was the idea for the march came from A. Philip Randolph, head of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. Randolph first proposed the march in 1941 to get President Roosevelt to open up defense jobs for blacks.
But the march did not gather widespread support at the time. Then in 1962 Randolph planed a march for economic justice for Blacks. The idea was supported by CORE, SNCC, and SCLC. Martin Luther Kings SCLC then took over organizing the march and downgraded Randolphs economic demands.
Ibid. pp. 159 - 161. 34 Ibid. p. 96. 35 William Harris, The Harder We Run: Black Workers since the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982) p. 153. 36 Harvard Sitkoff, The Struggle for Black Equality (New York: Hill and Wang, 1989) p. 199. 37 Between 1965 and 1968 there were over three hundred race riots in American cities. Woodward concludes that these riots helped bring about the end of the Civil Rights Movement by creating factions within the movement as different groups pursued different policies to rectify injustice in the Northern ghettos. The Riots also created a backlash among the White populace which manifested itself in the defeat of the 1966 Civil Rights Act and the election of Richard Nixon in 1968.
Ibid. pp... 222 - 223. 38 The rise of racial separatism and extremism manifested itself within SNCC and CORE and the formation of Black Separatist groups such as the Black Panthers, the Weathermen, and RAM. The rhetoric of extremists inside SNCC and in other groups captured television cameras and although Reverend Martin Luther King continued to march and speak, the face of the Civil Rights Movement became that of Angela Davis and Huey Newton; the song of the Civil Rights Movement changed from Reverend Martin Luther Kings, We Shall Overcome, to Solely Carmichael's, We Shall Overrun. Ibid. p... 217. 39 Ibid.
p. 145. 40 In 1963, Malcolm X was the most quoted Black spokesman, He played to the media, conjuring fantasies of jet fleets, piloted by Blacks, someday bombing all White neighborhoods. Ibid. p. 154. 41 These Blacks were from what E. Franklin Frazier calls, the Black Bourgeoisie. E. Franklin Frazier, Black Bourgeoisie (New York: Free Press, 1957) pp. 103 - 104. 42 Leaders have emerged such as Minister Louis Farrakhan and Colin Powell, who either propose Black Capitalist, and nationalist solutions to the plight of the urban poor, much like Marcus Garvey in the 1920 s, or they provide accommodationist views of the Black struggle in America which meets with the approval of White elites much like Booker T.
Washington at the turn of the century. Cornel West, Race Matters (New York, Random House, 1994) p. 57. 43 Harvard Sitkoff, The Struggle for Black Equality (New York: Hill and Wang, 1989) p. 212. 44 Kathleen Rout, Eldridge Cleaver (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1991) p. 80. 45 Angela Davis, Frame Up (San Francisco: National Committee To Free Angela Davis, 1972) p 46 Harvard Sitkoff, The Struggle for Black Equality (New York: Hill and Wang, 1989) p. 234. 47 Civil Rights initiatives though have helped the Black middle-class who have experienced unprecedented job prospects as they have been able to escape the urban ghettos and take advantage of jobs in the corporate and government sector. This points to what Wilson calls, the declining significance of race in determining poverty, instead of race dictating someones economic status, the status of their class is what determines their economic future; with the poor Blacks getting poorer and middle-class Blacks becoming wealthier. Because of this economic inequality in the Black community has grown more than inequality in the White community. William Julius Wilson, The Declining Significance of Race (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980) pp. 151 - 154. 48 Harvard Sitkoff, The Struggle for Black Equality (New York: Hill and Wang, 1989) p. 231.
Free research essays on topics related to: 1989 p, middle class, ibid, martin luther kings, civil rights movement
Research essay sample on Martin Luther Kings Civil Rights Movement
