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Example research essay topic: Khmer Rouge Pol Pot - 786 words

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Very little is known about prehistoric Cambodia, although archeological evidence has established that prior to 1000 BC Cambodians subsisted on a diet of fish and rice and lived in houses on stilts, as they still do today. From the 1 st to the 6 th centuries, much of Cambodia belonged to the South-East Asian kingdom of Fun, which played a vital role in developing the political institutions, culture and art of later Khmer states. However, it was the Angkorian era, beginning in the 8 th century, that really transformed the kingdom into an artistic and religious power. Forces of the Thai kingdom of Ayudhya sacked Angkor in 1431, leaving the Khmers plagued by dynastic rivalries and continual warfare with the Thais for a century and a half. The Spanish and Portuguese, who had recently become active in the region, also played a part in these wars until resentment of their power led to the massacre of the Spanish garrison at Phnom Penh in 1599.

A series of weak kings ruled from 1600 until the After some gunboat diplomacy and the signing of a treaty of protectorate in 1863, the French went on to force King Norodom to sign another treaty, this time turning his country into a virtual colony in 1884. A relatively peaceful period followed (even the peasant uprising of 1916 was considered peaceful). In 1941, on the assumption that he would prove suitably pliable, the French installed 19 year-old Prince Sihanouk on the Cambodian throne. This turned out to be a major miscalculation as the years after 1945 were strife-torn, with the waning of French colonial power aided by the proximity of the Franco-Viet Minh War that raged in Vietnam and Laos. Cambodian independence was eventually proclaimed in 1953, the enigmatic King Norodom Sihanouk going on to dominate national politics for the next 15 years before being overthrown by In 1969 the United States carpet-bombed suspected communist base camps in Cambodia, killing thousands of civilians and dragging the country unwillingly into the US-Vietnam conflict. American and South Vietnamese troops invaded the country in 1970 to eradicate Vietnamese communist forces but were unsuccessful; they did manage, however, to push Cambodia's leftist guerillas (the Khmer Rouge) further into the country's interior.

Savage fighting soon engulfed the entire country, with Phnom Penh falling to Over the next four years the Khmer Rouge, under Pol Pot's leadership, systematically killed an estimated two million Cambodians (especially the educated) in a bid to turn Cambodia into a Maoist, peasant-dominated agrarian cooperative. Vietnam invaded Cambodia in 1978, forcing the Khmer Rouge to flee to the relative sanctuary of the jungles along the Thai border. From there, they conducted a guerilla war against the Vietnamese-backed government throughout the In mid- 1993, UN-administered elections led to a new constitution and the reinstatement of Norodom Sihanouk as king. The Khmer Rouge boycotted the elections, rejected peace talks and continued to buy large quantities of arms from the Cambodian military leadership. In the government-sponsored amnesty secured the first defections from Khmer ranks, with more defections occurring from 1994 when the Khmer Rouge was finally outlawed by the Cambodian Treatment of the Khmer Rouge was one of the sore points of the uneasy coalition of Prince Ranariddh's National United Front and Hun Sen's Cambodian People's Party. In July 1997, Hun Sen followed up accusations that Ranarridh was absorbing Khmer Rouge defectors into his ranks by setting soldiers against royalist troops.

A weekend of heavy fighting and looting in Phnom Penh ensued and when the dust settled, Hun Sen assumed sole leadership of Cambodia. Elections in mid- 98 returned Hun Sen to this position, with much grumbling from opposition candidates about dodgy electoral practices. In early 1998, Khmer Rouge hardliner General Ta Mok fled to the hills with a few hundred loyalists, taking an ailing Pol Pot as prisoner. Pol Pot's death in April 1998 from an apparent heart attack was greeted with anger (that he was never brought to trial) and scepticism (he has been reported dead many times before).

Khmer Rouge loyalists still hold positions of power in Cambodia but the organisation is more or less fatally splintered. Whether the death of one of the century's great tyrants will engender a healing process is yet to be seen. Treatment of the Khmer Rouge was one of the sore points of the uneasy coalition of Prince Ranariddh's National United Front and Hun Sen's Cambodian People's Party. In July 1997, Hun Sen followed up accusations that Ranarridh was absorbing Khmer Rouge defectors into his ranks by setting soldiers against royalist troops. A weekend of heavy fighting and looting in Phnom Penh ensued and when the dust settled, Hun Sen assumed sole leadership of Cambodia.

Bibliography: encyclopedia, internet


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Research essay sample on Khmer Rouge Pol Pot

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