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Example research essay topic: Cancer Has Spread Digestive Enzymes - 1,149 words

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The pancreas is a long narrow gland, which is part of both the digestive system and the endocrine system. This small organ is approximately six inches long and one inch thick. It is located in the upper abdomen and is attached to the duodenum, which is the upper part of the small intestine. It extends upward behind the stomach to the spleen.

The pancreas is made up of two different types of tissue, the islets of Langerhans and acing cells. The pancreas has five sections: the wider end is called the head, the middle section is the body, and the narrow end is the tail. The uncinate bends backwards and beneath the body of the pancreas. The thin neck connects the head and the body. (Pathology 2. jhu.

edu//pancreas Pg. 2) The pancreas acts as both an exocrine and endocrine gland. As an exocrine gland it discharges digestive enzymes. As an endocrine gland it secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon. These enzymes are vital in the metabolism of sugar and carbohydrates. (Britannica, 12 / 27 / 1999 Pg. 1) The different types of cells of the pancreas work together in these different functions. Acinar cells, comes from a Latin word meaning berry. They form bundles that resemble clusters of grapes.

These are the cells that produce and secrete digestive enzymes. Epithelial cells in small pancreatic ductile's secrete bicarbonate salts and water. The enzymes; water and salt flow through the pancreatic ducts into the duodenum. This pancreatic duct merges with the bile duct from the liver at the Ampulla of Vater before entering the small intestine. The enzymes aid in the digestion of proteins, starches, sugars, and fats.

The islets of Langerhans, names after the 19 th-century German pathologist Paul Langerhans, make up the endocrine part of the pancreas. They consist of alpha and beta cells. These cells are patches of tissue scattered among clusters of acing cells. Alpha cells in the islets produce glucagon, a hormone that raises blood sugar levels by converting stored carbohydrates into the sugar glucagon, which is the primary fuel of cells.

Beta cells secrete insulin, a hormone that allows cells to remove glucose from the bloodstream and to use it. Glucagon and insulin work as a team to control the amount of sugar in the body. Glucagon and insulin are both secreted directly into the bloodstream. But what if something doesnt go right in the pancreas? What will happen if not enough endocrines or exocrine's are produced? This brings us to the question, What are some pancreatic disorders and how are they treated?

Cancer of the pancreas strikes approximately 5 out of every 100, 000 people every year and is one of the deadliest forms of cancer. Pancreatic cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer death in the United States as well as around the whole wide world. There are two different types of pancreatic cancer, non-endocrine and endocrine. The most common form of cancer of the pancreas is the non-endocrine type known as adenocarcinomas. Seventy-five percent of all pancreas cancers are adenocarcinomas. They form glands, which is a collection of cells around an empty space.

They frequently spread to the liver or lymph nodes. If this happens, the tumor cannot be surgically removed. Other non-endocrine tumors are rare. These include acing cell carcinomas, adenosquamous carcinomas, and giant cell tumors. Endocrine tumors are even more rare accounting for only 1 % of pancreatic tumors. (Pathology. jhu.

edu//pancreas Pg. 1 - 4) Some endocrine tumors include gastronomes and insulomas. Gastrinomas also called Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome is a gastrin-secreting tumor of the pancreas. People who have this condition exhibit symptoms similar to those of Peptic Ulcer Disease. They fail to respond to the usual ulcer treatment.

The tumors located in the duodenum, stomach, and spleen are malignant and slowly but surely spread to the liver and or the lymph nodes. The disease is most common in people between 20 to 50 years old. It only occurs in about 6 out of every 100, 00 people. There is no known way to prevent this tumor. Surgery and medication treat this condition. Insulomas is a benign tumor of the insulin-secreting cells of the pancreas.

Insulinomas secrete excessive amount of insulin. There is no known way to prevent the development of these tumors, but surgery is the best way to cure the tumors. Cancer of the pancreas is a genetic disease caused by mutation of DNA. There are some factors that can increase the risk of acquiring the mutations of the genes that might cause the cancer.

Cigarette smoking is the greatest known risk factor. 80 % of all cases develop between the ages of 60 and 80. It is more common in men than in women. Diets high in meats and cholesterol may increase the risk. Diets rich in fruits and vegetables may reduce the risk of pancreatic cancer. (Hopkins, cancer, 1 - 3) Pancreatic cancer is very hard to diagnose.

There often is no pain felt until the tumor has grown because the pancreas is so deep in the body. Scientists have more than one way to find out if a patient has pancreatic cancer. Ultrasound can be used to examine the pancreas. Sound waves bounce off of the pancreas and form onto a television screen. Another test is a computerized tomography scan or CT scan. This is a special x-ray machine, which shows how far the cancer has spread throughout the body.

An MRI or magnetic imaging is a special machine different from an x-ray machine, which takes detailed pictures of the entire body and can also show how far the cancer has spread. There is also a test called an ERCP. During this test, a tube is put down the throat, through the stomach and into the small intestine. The doctor can see through the flexible tube and can also inject different dyes into the bile duct and pancreatic duct as x-rays are taken. This is done so the doctor can look at how narrow the tubes get because of the tumor. There are three other ways to tell if you have a tumor in the pancreas.

These ways include fine needle aspiration, angiography, and laparoscopy. Fine needle aspiration is when the doctor removes cells from the tumor using a small needle. To do this the doctor must guide the needle through the abdomen and into the pancreas. While doing this the doctor injects a small amount of anesthesia. The CT scan shows exactly where the tumor is located. Having the cells the doctor looks at them under a microscope, which is called a biopsy.

Angiography is a test that is done in the x-ray department. This test studies the blood vessels around the pancreas and in it. A small flexible tube is placed into the artery in the upper thigh. Dye is then injected into the blood vessels leading to the pancreas and then...


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Research essay sample on Cancer Has Spread Digestive Enzymes

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