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Example research essay topic: India And Pakistan Jiang Zemin - 1,389 words

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... ge Bush ordered the withdrawal of all US nuclear weapons aboard US naval vessels back to the US. Gorbachev acted in return, by withdrawing all USSR missiles from Warsaw pact countries. This has resulted in missiles being stored in over crowded and unsecured conditions. 63 In September 1998, a team of US experts visiting Moscow was shown a building containing 100 kg of highly enriched uranium, which was completely un-guarded, as the facility could not afford the $ 200 a month security guard. In some storage facilities entire security systems do not work as the electricity has been cut off, as they have not paid the bills. As well as this, in silos all over Russia there are 20 year old ICBMs which have a service life of 10 years (Jump-Start - web).

These are just three examples, but there seems to be incidents occurring weekly. A list can be found at this address - web So, what are the real implications of the state of Russia's army? 118 The perceived threat of a terrorist organisation gaining nuclear capabilities is unlikely. Although it would be possible to obtain the nuclear material it would be very difficult to obtain the technology necessary to launch a nuclear attack. Also, any terrorist organisation with confirmed nuclear capabilities would be the target of every intelligence agency in the world. 56 The threat from the Russian Mafia is also negligible, as they would not want to risk the government (with whom, they are alleged to have a "comfortable" relationship with) forcing a serious crack down on their activities. 37 The risk of attack from old USSR republics that have old Russian nuclear weapons is also slight, as only the Ukraine is believed to have the technology to launch a nuclear strike. Also many of the states are fear full of the international responses they would face, if they declared them selves to be nuclear states. 56 However, the real risks posed are, firstly: the environmental risks.

With many warheads kept in inadequate conditions, it may not be long before a severe accident on a par to Chernobyl occurs. 32 The condition of the early warning technology also poses severe dangers. The 1995 Norwegian Scientific rocket incident is a good example of this. 23 There are also many reports of extremely low moral in the Russian army. In September 1998 a sailor went on a killing spree on an Adult Class nuclear attack submarine, then barricaded himself in the nuclear reactor for 20 hours, he either killed himself or was killed by Russian security services (Jump - Start, web). 54 With the crisis in the Russian army deepening, it may not be long before Russia is involved in a major conflict, where it may quickly arrive at the situation where it has only its nuclear weapons to fall back on. 40 Now that the cold war has ended, the problem of nuclear stability is now much more complex. The number of nuclear states has increased and we are now seeing potential nuclear conflicts on a regional not global scale. 38 Under the Nuclear Non proliferation treaty the five nuclear powers (USA, Russia, Britain, France, China) were obliged never to transfer nuclear technology and other countries were forbidden from acquiring nuclear technology. 31 However: Israel, Iraq, Pakistan, India and North Korea are believed to have nuclear capabilities. Also Libya and Iran are believed to be working on developing nuclear weapons.

The recent seizure of scud missile parts en route to Libya makes this claim seem to be true. South Africa stopped their nuclear program years ago; however, it is believed that it could be restarted at very short notice. 66 Britain and France have both ratified the Comprehensive test ban treaty and China is also aiming for ratification. "Our aim is to get ratification of the treaty" Jiang Zemin (web Jiang Zemin says China wants to ratify nuclear pact). 39 However whilst Russia and the USA remain as nuclear powers, less developed countries will want to stand up to them and develop their own nuclear weapons programs. An example of this is North Korea. North Korea signed an agreement with the USA in 1994, which froze its nuclear program. However, in a report by former US defence secretary William Perry, it is claimed that; "North Korea would be able to produce a "significant number" of nuclear weapons if it renounced the 1994 freeze." He also said; "that in the event of an outbreak of war on the Korean peninsula, the intensity of combat, would be unparalleled in U.

S experience since the Korean War" (web Korea capable of making significant number of nuclear weapons). 123 The current situation in India and Pakistan is another indicator of how Nuclear weapons are now a truly global problem. India and Pakistan are the two newest declared nuclear powers. In May 1998, India's new Hindu supremacist government began Nuclear weapons tests. A few days later, Pakistan, whose nuclear program has been helped by its close allie China, carried out its own Nuclear weapons tests. Although both countries faced heavy sanctions (which lasted for 18 months), they both carried out further tests in the second half of last year. Both countries were hit hard by international sanctions, but both were determined to show that they could be equal with the west and with each other on the nuclear stage.

Like in North Korea, the age-old conflict between the two states now has the potential for nuclear war. 138 What are the implications for nuclear stability now that the cold war is over? During the cold war, it could be argued that there was nuclear stability, although it was a very tense stability. The relationship between Russia and the USA was well worked out and both sides knew where they stood with each other. However, the end of the cold war changed this situation drastically.

Russia and the USA's relationship is significantly less stable, President Yeltsin's recent remarks are an indicator of this. The collapse of the Soviet Union has resulted in Russia being unable to maintain its nuclear arsenal in a safe and secure manner and its army is on the brink of collapse. And despite the numerous treaties which have been negotiated to reduce nuclear weapons, both Russia and the US have enough missiles to destroy one another at a moment's notice. As well as the change in Russian/US relations, there is now the added factor of nuclear proliferation in numerous states.

The recent nuclear tests in Pakistan and India have shown how nuclear weapons can be used for regional conflicts. And also, the recent seizure of scud missile parts to Libya have shown that many states want to have nuclear capabilities regardless of the lessons learnt during the era of super power confrontation. 217 Bibliography: BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOKS Booth, K (ed) Statecraft and security. 1998. Cambridge Chapters used Low, R, N and Stein. J, G Nuclear lessons of the cold war.

Garth off, J Who is to blame for the cold war? Streinbruner, J. Can the United States lead the world? Goldstein, J International Relations (2 nd ed). 1996. Harper Collins INTERNET web CNN Web site Stories used Galeotti. M, Dr.

The Real risks of Russia's nuclear arsenal. "Yeltsin warns US not to meddle in Chechnya, cites nuclear weapons" 91299 Kennedy, B Nuclear close calls. "Jiang says China wants to ratify Nuclear pact" 24 / 12. 99 "Korea capable of making 'significant number' of nuclear weapons" 13 / 10 / 99 "Richardson appeals to India for Nuclear restraint"" 28 / 10 / 99 web MSN Encarta encyclopaedia Articles used Martin, L, Sir. Nuclear weapons after the cold war. Luttwak, E, N Cold war aftermath web BBC news web site Articles used "Clinton dismisses nuclear outburst." 9 / 12 / 99 "Russia launches new generation missile" 9 / 12 / 98 "Russia shies from nuclear treaty" 14 / 10 / 99 "The worlds nuclear arsenal" ' 4 / 6 / 98 "Indian Nuclear sanctions eased" 17 / 12 / 99 "India tests ballistic missile" 11499 "Pakistan goes it alone" 3 / 5 / 99 "Pakistan Nuclear test warning" 25 / 11 / 99 web The Henry L Stimson Centre web site. Essays used "Jump Start. Retaking the initiative to reduce post cold war Nuclear dangers" 25 / 02 / 99


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Research essay sample on India And Pakistan Jiang Zemin

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