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^OTHELLO: ACT I Shakespeare's story of jealousy, betrayal, and murder begins on a street in Venice in the middle of the night. Roderigo has just learned that Desdemona, the woman loves, has eloped with Othello, a Moorish general hired to lead the Venetian army against the Turks. Roderigo is angry at Iago, the young Venetian hes been paying to play matchmaker- for him and Desdemona. But Iago has other problems.
Hes furious with Othello for having chosen Michael Cassio as his Lieutenant instead of himself, who has served loyally as Othello's ensign. Iago hides an evil nature under ask of honesty, and he delights in the suffering of others. With his jealousy as a partial excuse, he sets out to arrange Othello's downfall. Roderigo and Iago awaken Brabantio, a Venetian Senator and Desdemonasfather, to tell him that his daughter has run off with Othello.
Despite the respect Brabantio has for Othello as a soldier, he is suspicious of him personally because he is a foreigner. Iago convinces Brabantio that Othelloseduced Desdemona using charms and spells. Iago finds Othello at the inn where he and Desdemona are spending their honeymoon. Iago warns him that Brabantio's angry, but Othello feels he has done no wrong. Agroup of men, led by Cassio, arrives to summon Othello to the Senate for an emergency war council.
Immediately following, Brabantio arrives with his supporters to put Othello in prison. Othello calmly suggests that they all go to the Senate and let the Duke decide who is in the right. In the Senate chambers, Othelloexplains how he and Desdemona fell in love: as he told her of his adventures throughout the world, she listened with awe and sympathy. Their mutual attraction was undeniable, and it happened without charms or potions.
Desdemona is sent for, and she not only confirms Othello's story but pledges her love for him. Brabantio, seeing that hes defeated, is devastated. Othello is sent to Cyprus to fight the Turks. Desdemona will join him there, accompanied by Iago and his wife, Emilia.
Meanwhile, Iago formulates a plan capitalizing on Othellosopen and trusting nature and Cassio's good looks. The details of the plan are still tentative, but Iagosobjectives are firm: to see Othello ruined and to win Cassio's job as lieutenant. OTHELLO: ACT IIThe war ends suddenly and unexpectedly when the Turkish fleet retreats, overpowered by a storm. Othelloarrives and is joyfully reunited with Desdemona. The Moor calls for a celebration in honor of his marriage andthe end of the war. That night, Iago urges Roderigo (who has come to Cyprus in the hopes of winning Desdemona after all) to pick a fight with Cassio and get the young lieutenant in so much trouble that he will lose his job.
Iago gets Cassio drunk, Roderigo starts an argument that leads to a sword fight, and Montano, the retiring governor of Cyprus, is injured trying to stop the brawl. Othello is awakened by the ruckus and promptly fires Cassio. The humiliated lieutenant is encouraged by Iago's advice to approach Desdemona andrew for his job. Cassio doesnt realize that this is all part of Iago's plan.
OTHELLO: ACT III Cassiogoes to Desdemona, who promises to help. Seeing them together, Othelloprompted by Iagofeels the stirrings of jealousy. When Desdemona asks her husband to give back Cassio's job, Iago quickly points out to Othello that her behavior is indeed suspicious. Othello demands that Iago prove his insinuations regarding Cassio and Desdemona. Unfortunately for her, Desdemona has dropped the handkerchief given to her by Othello. Iago plants the handkerchief in Cassio's room and cites it as the proof Othello demands.
Cassio, suspecting nothing, gives the handkerchief to Bianca, his mistress. Meanwhile, Iago tells Othello that he hansen the handkerchief in Cassio's hands. When Othello asks Desdemona to show him the handkerchief, series and says she still has it, but cant show it to him. Othello, convinced of her guilt, resolves that she and Cassio will die. OTHELLO: ACT IV Though a lot has happened, Iago has just begun.
He arranges for Othello to eavesdrop as he maneuvers Cassio into talking about Bianca's love for him. Othello thinks hes referring to Desdemona. In a fury, Othello vows to strangle Desdemona that very night. He asks Iago to kill Cassio.
Lodovico, a relative of Desdemona, arrives from Venice. He brings a letter from the Venetian Senate asking Othello to return to Venice, and giving Cassio control of Cyprus. Desdemona is delighted by the news, and Othello, thinking her joy is for Cassio, hits her in front of their guests. That night, Othello tries to pressure Emilia into admitting that Desdemona has cheated on him, but Emilia swears that her mistress is pure and innocent. Othello refuses to believe her.
Iago persuades Roderigo that killing Cassio is the best way for him town Desdemona. With premonitions of death on her mind, Desdemona prepares for bed. OTHELLO: ACT V Roderigo attacks Cassio, but only wounds him. Cassio, in turn, manages to wound Roderigo, and Iago, hidden in the dark, stabs Cassio in the leg. Cassio's cries bring Lodovico and others running from their rooms. Cassio identifies Roderigo as his attacker, and Iago, pretending to avenge the lieutenant, kills Roderigo to prevent him from confessing their plot.
In Desdemona's bedroom, Othello looks her sleeping figure with a combination of love and hate. She awakens, and he announces his intention to killer for her acts of adultery. Desdemona protests that she is innocent, but Othello smothers her, certain that the murder is an act of justice. Emilia comes in with news of Roderigo's death.
Othello admits to having killed Desdemona, but says he had to because she was unfaithful. The grief-stricken Emilia protests, until Othellotells her Iago told him of Desdemona's affair with Cassio. Emilia cries out, and Lodovico, Iago, and others come running. When Othello cites the handkerchief as proof of his wifes infidelity, Emilia finally realizes teacher husbands evil. Iago kills her to protect himself, then makes a run for it. Montano and Gratiano rush out to chase Iago, and when they return with the unrepentant villain, Othello tries to stab him.
He only wounds him, though, and Lodovico orders Othello's sword be taken from him. Lodovico tells of letters found in Roderigospocket linking Iago with the conspiracy to kill Cassio. With his last words, Roderigo also accuses Iago. After bidding those around him to remember him as one that loved not wisely, but too well, Othello stabs himself with a dagger he had hidden in his cloak. Kissing Desdemona, he dies.
Lodovico takes charge, ordering Cassio to govern Cyprus and sentencing Iago to death. OTHELLO: OTHELLO Shakespearestragic hero is a strong, powerful, dignified Moor. He has come to Venice as a soldier-of-fortune, hired by testate to help Venice win their war against the Turks. He spends nine months in Venice, where his leadership and kindness have made him a popular general.
Although born a pagan (a non-Christian) he has converted to Christianity. While in Venice, he spends many evenings in the home of Brabantio, a Venetian Senator. He entertains Brabantio and his guests with stories of his travels around the world. He tells marvelous and exotic tales of strange people with fantastic customs and unusual appearances. His stories attract the attention of Brabantios beautiful daughter, Desdemona, who listens to his words with such eagerness and sympathy that falls in love with her. She returns his love, and they elope, knowing that Brabantio would disapprove of his daughter marrying an older man of another race, class, and country.
To hear Othello's story up until the elopement with Desdemona is almost to hear a fairy tale the story of a handsome warrior sweeping a beautiful young princess off her feet, away from the clutches of her possessive father, and on to happiness. One reader has said that its almost as if Othello has appeared from wonderland; his stories of his past aretha rich and magical. Shakespeare, however, has made Othello a human being, not a character from a fairytale. Unlike other Shakespearean tragic heroes, Othello is not a prince or a king, although he is descended from men of royal siege (rank). In Venice he is seen as a professional soldier, a fine and courageous one, but still a hired general.
By placing him closer to the common man, Shakespeare makes Othello easier to identify with, more sympathetic. His story could be our story, and his faults our faults. Othello's good qualities easily outweigh the bad. We know hes powerful, brave, and authoritative; the respect given to him by the Venetian Senate tells us that. Hes also gentle and romantic. The story he tells of courting Desdemona is richard poetic, and his early scenes with his wife show him full of love and devotion.
Cassio's loyalty to him shows that Othello is well-liked by his soldiers. When Cassio feels he has lost Othello's respect, he is broken-hearted. There are also qualities about Othello that have a good side and a bad side. One of these is his open and trusting nature. Othello believes that others are honest and sincere until he has proof that theyre not. This open-hearted love of his fellow man makes Othello an attractive and generous friend.
But it also leaves him susceptible to Iago's scheming; Iago knows his plan will work because Othello trusts him and has no reason to suspect that his loyal ensign would scheme against him. Othello is also naive, particularly about women. Heads: For since these arms of mine had seven years pith Tiff now some nine moons wasted, they have used Their dearest action in the tented field; Act I, Scene iii, lines 83 - 86 Having spent most of his life in army camps, Othello knows little of women and love. This naivete has charm in the first act, where the strong and powerful general admits to being a shy and cautious lover.
In the third act, however, Othello's inexperience allows Iago to convince him that he doesnt understand Venetian women, that they are known for cheating on their husbands. As a professional soldier, Othello has gained a strong reputation. The discipline he has learned has earned him the respect of the Venetians, who badly need his help. When he fires Cassio, its take an example of him to the rest of the soldiers. And he refuses to reinstate him as a matter of principle. Sadly, it is this strict code of honor both military and private that forces Othello to kill Desdemona.
When aman's honor is lost, according to this code, he must win it back. For Othello, this means Desdemona's death, which he sees as an act of justice, not of revenge. As painful as it is for him, he doesnt see that he has a choice. He is a soldier, trained to live by the rules.
The last of these double-edged virtues is Othellospowerful poetic imagination. The stories he weaves for Desdemona are rich and impressive. As Othello retells the story of his courtship in the Senate office, the Duke is so struck that he understands how his daughter watson by such stories. Othello can weave magic with his tales and transform the truth into poetry. Yet this rich imagination has a handicap: it makes Othello vulnerable to Iago's stories of Desdemona's infidelities. Othellosimagination runs wild with Iago's invented details and proofs.
The most common view of Othello's tragic flaw is that hes a jealous person who allows jealousy to prevail over good sense. But is jealousy Othellosproblem? Or is he, as he says, a man who is not easily made jealous? Is this the tragedy of a man not jealousy nature, who is made jealous by the cruel manipulations of Iago?
Read Act III, Scene iii carefully, and judge for yourself whether Othello is by nature jealous. Othello is also a passionate man, and this makes him exciting. But he admits that he has a fiery temper (Act II, Scene iii, lines 207 - 212). Iago capitalizes on Othellosexcitability. Once Iago has convinced the Moor that Desdemona's having an affair with Cassio, Othello moves his deadly revenge quickly and single-mindedly.
Always remember that Othello is a stranger. Despite his strength and pride, he is never completely at home, and is constantly aware that others consider him a foreigner. OTHELLO: IAGO What is Iago's motivation in ruining Othello's life? This question has puzzled readers and scholars for centuries. Iago is a fascinating, complex character who cant be analyzed in simple terms. Like many people you meet, Iago can be mysterious and baffling.
Just when you think you understand him, he does or says something completely mystifying. Shakespeare was obviously fascinated bythe make gave Iago more lines than any other character in his workforce than Hamlet, King Lear, or Othello. Here are some of the facts we know about Iago: He is a 28 -year-old Venetian who is Othellosancient or ensign, a comparatively low-ranked commissioned officer. He seems to have no history of dirty deeds; in fact, almost every character in the play calls him honest. (The word is applied to Iago 15 times inthe play. ) Hes married to Emilia, a salty outspoken woman; they seem to tolerate each other. If theirs was above match, were never told, and its difficult to guess. Lets look at some possibilities that might explaining Iagos behavior. 1.
He loves evil for evils sake. Some characters in Elizabethan drama are just thoroughly bad; they were born that way. From this point of view, Iago needs no motive. He simply loves to see people suffer. 2. He is motivated by jealousy.
In the play he expresses openly his jealousy of Cassio and Othello. He is jealous of Cassio's job and of Othello's success as a soldier and with Desdemona. 3. He is seeking revenge. The rumors that Othello has slept with Emilia and the possibility that Cassio has also slept with her hurt Iagospride and make him want to see both men ruined. 4.
He is motivated by a force he simply doesnt understand. The reasons he offers throughout the play are often contradictory. Iago snatches at whatever excuse he can to justify his horrible behavior. As you look over the text, try to decide which of these (or other) reasons explain Iago. Remember that his motives may overlap. If there were a simple way to explain Iago, he wouldnt be the intriguing character that has appalled and thrilled audiences for hundreds of years.
Iago does have qualities on which everyone can agree. Here are some of them: 1. He is a wonderful actor. For years, he has file everyone into thinking hes honest.
Even if Emilia suspects him of being a rascal, she has no idea that hes truly evil. Youve seen newspaper reports about the mild-mannered person who suddenly is discovered to be amass murderer; neighbors who are interviewed often say, He was the nicest person, so polite and friendly! Int believe he was capable of such a crime! Friends of Iago would have said the same thing about him. 2. He is amoral.
An amoral person has no moral standards at all. Iago never thinks twice about his behavior. He plunges ahead without a twinge of guilt or regret. Even when the innocent Desdemona becomes a victim of the plot, Iago has no pangs of conscience. He moves to satisfy himself, no matter who suffers. And he goes to his death without a word of regret! 3.
He is highly intelligent. Iago plots his actions knowing how everyone will respond. His insight into the behavior of others is practically perfect; he can adapt himself to the personality of whoever he is with from Roderigo to Desdemona to Cassio to Othello, knowing just how to play him or her. Ironically, the one person he misreads is Emilia; he doesnt suspect her loyalty to Desdemona outweighs her feelings for him. 4. He is an egotist. His opinion of everyone except himself is very low.
He laughs at Othellostrusting nature, thinks Roderigo is a gullible fool, treats Emilia as a shrew, and scorns Cassio's honest virtues. The only person he respects is himself, and everything he does in the play is for the satisfaction of his owners. 5. He is a cynic. He shows contempt for all conventional standards of decency. He is loyal only when it serves his own needs. He delights in dishonesty.
He doesnt believe in romantic love, attributing it to a sexual itch. His opinion of the human race is so low that he allows innocent people to die without a word of regret. 6. He is extremely proud. Suspicions that Othello has slept with Emilia eat away at him. Othello's appointment of Cassio makes him furious.
Iago sees anything that threatens his self-esteem as a personal insult, which must avenged. He isnt angered by the thought of Othello in bed with Emilia because he loves her, but because another man has gotten the best of him! Villains in literature are always a source of scary fun. Shakespeare, fortunately, has created in Iago more than just a villain. Iago is a complex character who combines enormous intelligence with an impulse to see others suffer.
We may get a vicarious thrill as we watch him operate, but feel a great sense of relief when justice is finally served. OTHELLO: DESDEMONA As a young Venetian woman, Desdemona has lived a sheltered life in her fathers home. She falls in love, probably for theirs time, with a man several years older than herself, from a faraway land, and of a different race. Shescaptivated by the mans stories and wishes she were a man so that she might also have an exciting life. Knowing that her father would disapprove of her marriage to such a man, she elopes with Othello and goes with him to the war zone. Desdemona's portrait is that of a lovely, courageous, gentle woman, deeply in love with her husband.
Is she a perfect character, free from flaws? Most Elizabethans wouldnt have thought so. They would have seen her as disobedient and disrespectful. A nice young lady simply didnt marry behind her fathers back. They would have shared Brabantio's disapproval of her marriage to a man of a different class, age, and race. And when Desdemona pleads with Othello to reinstate Cassio, Elizabethans would have considered her a pushy, interfering wife.
This is not to say that Shakespeare's audiences werent moved by Desdemonas death. Its just that their opinion of her was influenced by social customs no longer current. Today, her behavior toward Brabantio, though perhaps insensitive, is forgivable; her begging Othello, even if income close to nagging, is hardly a major flaw. If Iago represents evil in the world, Desdemona may represent the good that evil often destroys. She is guilty only of loving her husband too much. She has no defense against his terrible accusations because she is young and inexperienced.
Theres been no room in her cloistered world for the kind of thoughts Othello thinks she is hiding. She doesnt even believe that there are women who are unfaithful to their husbands! If you look at what other characters say about Desdemona, youll find that everyone praises her innocence, her goodness, her generosity. She risks her husbands anger because she promised Cassio she would help him.
Desdemona inspires such devotion in Emilia that she is prepared to die for her. Even on her deathbed, she wont betray her husband. Rather than have him accused ofthe murder, she takes responsibility for it. Is Desdemona a believable character? Is there anyone who can beso self-sacrificing?
Shakespeare is careful to give her a few minor flasher treatment of Brabantio, her stubborn persistence about Cassio, her lie about the handkerchief to make her realistic. But our overall impression of her is highly favorable, its her very innocence that makes her a victim of circumstance. How could such a person know about or prepare herself for the likes of Iago? OTHELLO: CASSIOCassio is an attractive, likeable young man who seems to be a good choice for Othello's lieutenant. Hes loyalty Othello, and is crushed when he errs and Othello fires him. It is partly Cassio's determination to make things right with Othello that allows Iago to succeed: Cassio tries to win Othello's favor by going through Desdemona; its this friendship Iago misrepresents to Othello.
Cassio has many youthful faults: hes rash, impatient, and not very serious about his relationship with Bianca. He also cant handle his liquor. Yet the offenses Iago suspects him of sleeping with Emilia, having an affair with Desdemona are all in Iago's mind. The innocent Cassioalmost becomes a victim of Iago's treachery.
Roderigo and Iago almost succeed in killing him. At the end ofthe play, however, Cassio is awarded control of Cyprus, and we believe that the island is in good hands. His survival tells us that order and decency will survive, despite the price that has been paid. OTHELLO: EMILIA Its astonishing how quickly our opinion of Emilia changes. When she first appears, she seems little more than coarse, hard-edged, and world-weary. Her opinion of men is very low after all, she says, its owing mens faults that women cheat on them as much as they do.
Were also distressed when Emilia finds Desdemonas handkerchief and doesnt return it to her. Shes merely following Iago's instructions, and cant know what he has in mind, but still, shes being dishonest. However, she redeems herself when she discovers Desdemona near death. Emilia's grief and her willingness to die for the truth tell you that her rough exterior has hidden a good and generous heart (at least where Desdemona is concerned).
As one critic said about Emilias last moments: If she lived forever she never could soar a higher pitch, and nothing in her life became her like the losing it. OTHELLO: RODERIGO Does Roderigo fall into Othello's clutches because hes foolish or because hes unlucky? This is a difficult question to answer. All we know of Roderigo's past istat Desdemona rejected him when he tried to court her. Theres no question that Roderigo makes some stupid assumptions: 1) that he can buy Desdemona; 2) that she is having an affair with Cassio just because Iago tells him it is true; 3) that killing Cassio will make Desdemona turn to him for love.
We watch Roderigowith amazement. We wonder when hes going to realize that Desdemona doesnt love him and never will. But, in his defense, Roderigo may be just unlucky to have fallen into Iago's clutches. As we know, Iago is a master manipulator. He is able to deceive people who are stronger and smarter than Roderigo. And remember that Roderigo is a man in love and particularly susceptible to being fooled.
If youve ever had a crush on someone, you know that people in love dont always think clearly. As Iago convinces him there is hope with Desdemona, Roderigo will do anything he asks. Hes that fixated on her. Do you have sympathy for Roderigo when he skilled?
On one hand, hes played a role in Iago's wicked plot. On the other hand, he dies because he was fooled by someone he trusted. Is Roderigo punished too harshly for his failure to see that Iago is wicked? OTHELLO: BRABANTIO Brabantio, Desdemona's father, is a Venetian Senator. When we first meet him, hes terrified that his only child has been kidnapped by Othello and seduced with drugs and potions. When he learns that Desdemona's in love with the Moor, hes bitter and resentful.
He accepts defeat, but not graciously: he wont allow Desdemona to stay in his house while Othello is in Cyprus, and he warns the Moor that Desdemona could betray her husband if she betrayed her father. Yet Brabantio is not a villain. Hesdisappointed when his daughter marries a man so different from herself, and hurt when she does so behind his back. So wounded is he by Desdemona, that when he dies in Act V its probably of a broken heart. OTHELLO: SETTING Its not surprising that Shakespeare chose Venice as the setting of a story filled with passion, jealousy, and sexual tension. For the Elizabethans, the Italians were a wicked people, living lives of treachery, murder, and loose morals.
When playwrights of the day wanted to portray wickedness, they often created Italian characters causing problems in England, or set the plays in Italy. Venice was particularly exciting to the English. The women there were rumored to be very beautiful, and very interested in making love. Venetian men were considered hot-tempered, aggressive, and easily jealous. An Elizabethan audience watching Othello would have been highly suspicious of Desdemona and her behavior. Running off to get married behind your fathers back was simply not done.
Because Desdemona was Venetian, however, audiences wouldnt have been too surprised. As for Iago, he probably represented the kind of villain Elizabethans thought ran rampant throughout Italy! One interesting note is that the name Iago is Spanish. (The Italian form is Giacomo. ) Shakespeare gave his most evil character a Spanish name, probably because Spain was England's worst enemy. Italy may have been the home of romantic, exotic sin, but true evil, according tothe Elizabethans, came from Spain! OTHELLO: THEMES The major themes of Othello are 1) appearance and reality, 2) society's treatment of the outsider; and 3) jealousy. OTHELLO: APPEARANCE AND REALITY Can we ever know the truth about a person?
Is it possible to know if someone is lying to us? How can we discover what lies behind the words someone tells us? Shakespeare was fascinated with these questions. Many of his most evil characters were thought by others in the play to be sincere and truthful.
In Othello, this theme has its most potent and dramatic realization in the character of Iago. Iago fools everyone in the play into believing hes honest. No one even suspects him of treachery, until the final act when Roderigo first realizes how badly hes been fooled. In short, Iago proves that evil intentions can bemused behind a facade of honesty. The theme emerges in other characters: Brabantio is deceived by Desdemonas reaction to Othello, assuming she fears him when she truly loves the Moor. Othello suspects that Desdemona is unfaithful, despite her innocent looks.
Othello also feels hes being deceived by Cassio, whole trusts and who appears loyal. Emilia's exterior suggests salty indifference, but she turns against her husband and dies in defence of Desdemona. Even Bianca, who is suspected of dishonesty, is ultimately seen a sincere and caring woman. And Othello, considered a barbarian by many in the play, is gentle and noble until driven to near-madness by the cruel manipulations of his most trusted friend. The inability to judge true from false is a human dilemma that we have all faced. In Othello's case, the dilemma proves fatal.
Shakespeare dramatizes the problem by showing the consequences of trusting someone whose mask of honesty is perfect, almost to the very last. OTHELLO: SOCIETYS TREATMENT OF THEOUTSIDER Everyone has known the feeling of being alienated from a group, whether its as the new kid at school, as a member of an ethnic or religious minority, or as someone who holds an unpopular opinion. Shakespeare points that problem in Othello by making his hero an outsider, one who doesnt quite belong inthe society in which he lives. From the very beginning, when hes held in suspicion by a man who accuses him seducing his daughter with mysterious charms, Othello stands apart from everyone else.
As a man of another race and from another country, much of the conflict he faces is due to the reigning opinion that he doesnt quite belong. Othello's sensitivity to the issue becomes clear when Iago uses it as proof that Desdemona couldnt be faithful to a man so foreign such a match is unnatural, he says. Othellosself-confidence, once so strong, is easily eroded by Iago's ability to convince him that hes inferior to the men Venice. Shakespeare dramatizes through Othello the tragedy of a man whose insecurities about his background, fed by public opinion, weaken his defenses and allow his worst instincts to take over.
OTHELLO: JEALOUSY Othello represents how jealousy, particularly sexual jealousy, is one of themes corrupting and destructive of emotions. It is jealousy (fed by his innate sense of evil) that prompts Iago toilet Othello's downfall; jealousy, too, is the tool that Iago uses to arouse Othello's passions. Roderigo and Bianca demonstrate jealousy at various times in the play, and Emilia demonstrates that she too knows the emotion well. Only Desdemona and Cassio, the true innocents of the story, seem beyond its clutches. Shakespeare used the theme in other plays, but nowhere else is it portrayed as quite the green-eyed monster it is in this play. Since it is an emotion that everyone shares, we watch its destructive influence on the characters with sympathy and horror.
OTHELLO: THE SOURCE OF OTHELLO Shakespearedelighted in taking old stories, adding his own particular brand of genius, and creating something newandbetter. He based Othello on a story in a collection of tales, called Hecatommithi, written in 1565 by GiraldiCinthio, an Italian. A short synopsis of the original story gives some indication of how Shakespeare merely borrowed stories and made them his own. The heroine, called Desdemona, falls in love with a Moor. Her family agrees reluctantly to her marriage with him, and the couple lives together in Venice for awhile. The Moor (given name) is sent to command the troops in Cyprus.
The Moor and Desdemona travel there
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Research essay sample on Scene Iii Lines Falls In Love
