NOTE: Free essay sample provided on this page should be used for references or sample purposes only. The sample essay is available to anyone, so any direct quoting without mentioning the source will be considered plagiarism by schools, colleges and universities that use plagiarism detection software. To get a completely brand-new, plagiarism-free essay, please use our essay writing service.
One click instant price quote
FORM AND STRUCTURE Carol Anne Duffy's poem Adultery is structured in a traditional and straightforward way. It is comprised of eleven verses each with the common four lines, which consist of between four and nine words. This makes the poem not particularly striking at the first look, before it is read. The typography does not attract the readers attention, this is probably because Duffy wants the reader to concentrate on the language, and is not concerned with the shape that the lines form, or how they relate to the themes of the poem. RHYME AND RHYTHM Duffy does not seem particularly interested in rhyme in this poem, and probably decided before writing it that she did not want any. Therefore rhyme has been avoided, as has a regular, repetitive rhythm.
I think that Duffy wants to allow the language to speak for itself, without getting tangled up in rhyme and rhythm schemes, and having to change what she wants to say in order to make it fit these limitations. She also wants to avoid losing the impact of the poem. This has much to do with the language used, poetic devices, and very often, the lack of rhythm, seen clearly in the first verse when she writes: Guilt. A sick, green tint The caesura breaks up the line, splitting it into two. If she were writing within the barriers of a specific rhythm, she would probably be tempted, and perhaps compelled to, split this line exactly in half, in order to balance it and keep the structure. This would not have the same effect.
The caesura is used as dramatic device, implying that the poem is intended to be read out loud. The break makes the reader pause, giving the first word a larger impact as it is isolated from the rest of the text. It also does the same for the following sentence, and as it is on the end of the verse, there is a natural pause here as well, giving this line impact and power. Seeing as it also highlights a key theme in the poem, guilt, it is also an important line as it tells the reader a little about what to expect, and also raises their interest and expectations, Guilt? Why? Who?
LANGUAGE Duffy uses language very effectively in this poem. She wants to create a specific atmosphere and then build on it, creating characters, situations and emotions as she does so. She wants an atmosphere of sleaziness and seediness, but wants it to sound exciting, dangerous and seductive. She also examines the harm that the situations cause. The first verse (or stanza) is packed with intrigue, mystery, excitement and questions. Wear dark glasses in the rain, demands the first line, and the reader gets ideas of disguise.
It goes on to mention unhurt and bruise dark glasses to hide a black eye? Maybe not, another glance at the title, Adultery, suggests something else sado-masochism? Then comes the guilt, as mentioned above, and reader knows she is talking about a sexual affair but who? What? Where? We want to know more.
The second verse builds on the sexual intrigue with mentions of hands can do many things, and money tucked in the palms suggests prostitution, as well as wash themselves maybe implying that they feel dirty? Duffy is building an atmosphere which is sexually charged and filled with riddles and ambiguous comments, daring the reader to assume a sexually link. The next verse features the line: You are naked under your clothes all day, another sexual connotation, perhaps implying that the clothes are a disguise, and all day the character does something which is not really them, and underneath they are different, naked suggests vulnerability. There is also brings you alone to your knees and more, more, which could suggest oral sex, while the repetition shows that Duffy considers this the most important word of the line, demanding it stands out, and it could suggest an unsatisfied sexual appetite, or description of the frequency of the couples meetings. Dishonesty is mentioned with deceit and Suck a lie with a hole in it. This could be a more explicit reference to oral sex, or more obscurely, Polo mints, the mint you suck with a hole in it.
Duffy could be saying that the lies are sweet, addictive and refreshing compared with a mundane life, like Polo mints; she could mean that the lies come as easily as sweets from a packet, although probably not. Or perhaps the key is in the next line: On the way home from a lethal thrilling night. Maybe the character is mulling over what the excuse will be to the spouse, how he / she will lie their way out of where they have been, but the lie will always be flawed as it is not true hence the hole. The lethal also brings a touch of danger to the atmosphere.
Duffy does not want the reader to be comfortable with this deceit or the situation as a whole. We know it is sordid, and now we know it could be a bit hazardous. Duffy continues with up against a wall, faster, an obvious reference to the e night theyve just had, with fast exciting sex quick gratification. The last line of this verse: unreels to a lost cry. Youre a bastard.
The caesura breaks up the line, balancing it, and giving greater impact and significance to the second half. The colloquialism bastard is used for several reasons. It has a big impact, surprising the reader, and shocking a minority, who arent used to taboo words in poetry. This gives it more power it is swear word, and is offensive. Duffy could have said Youre a bad person, but this is dead, lame, and ineffective. It is also more emotional, as bastard is more dramatic than bad person and so has more feeling in it.
It is likely that Duffy is revealing what the spouses reaction would be to the news that his / her wife / husband is having an affair. If not then the adulterer is imagining what their spouse would say, and is calling him / herself a bastard. It is unlikely that Duffy herself is calling the adulterer a bastard. Firstly Duffy does not appear to pass judgment on the characters in the rest of the poem, she lets their actions and feelings speak for themselves. Secondly, Duffy would probably realise that it is more interesting to hear another characters opinion, than her own, especially when she has focused on what the characters are thinking in the rest of the poem.
Altogether, Duffy is revealing some of the emotions involved with adultery. There is also the matter of whether the adulterer is male or female. Bastard is traditionally an insult towards men, and it is unlikely that Duffy would purposely confuse the reader in regard to the gender of the main character, especially when their actions and thoughts are so vital to the poem. This does not necessarily mean that the adulterer is male. The references earlier to oral sex implied that the adulterer was female, but I could be wrong about those, or maybe Duffy is saying that person the adulterer is having an affair with is a bastard hence a female adulterer. With the oral sex references in mind, presuming they are correct, it suggests that the affair is homosexual, but if this were the case then Duffy would almost certainly say it in more explicit terms, as on first read this is not apparent, and Duffy cannot want her poem to be that misunderstood.
The next verse begins: Do it do it do it. Sweet darkness Duffy is using poetic devices to convey the mood and atmosphere she wants to create. The caesura again breaks the line in two giving a big impact and significance to both halves as the readers pauses for effect. The repetition shows that the phrase do it is important and needs to be emphasized again and again, or perhaps it is describing how they do it again and again a possible sexual reference.
The lack of punctuation conveys the speed and urgency. Sweet darkness is almost an oxymoron; we are used to thinking of darkness as spooky, scary and hiding dangers, and to think of it as sweet seems to be a contradiction in terms, it isnt really, but Duffy knows that this impression will be given. She could be talking about the lovers meeting in the darkness, or darkness hiding their sins, but either way, the fact that it appears to be an oxymoron draws the readers attention to it, as does the caesura. Duffy then returns to sexually ambiguous phrases like how you are wanted, which way, now, and pay for it in cash this must be referring to desire in the former quotation and probably prostitution in the latter. However, Duffy never explicitly writes about prostitution, just hints at it in order to increase the sexual tension and condense the atmosphere of seediness. Duffy goes on to describe how the affair is taking its toll on the marriage and conscience of the adulterer.
The life which crumbles like a wedding cake. Duffy uses a simile to describe how the life is being eroded, by comparing it to a crumbling wedding cake, reminding that the adulterer is married, and that the marriage must also be splintering. The seventh verse is interesting: Paranoia for lunch; too much to drink, as a hand on your thigh tilts the restaurant. You know all about love, dont you.
Turn on your beautiful eyes The annotations show all the poetic devices that Duffy uses, mostly in order to increase the mood of the poem and convey the theme. In the next verse Duffy uses an interesting image: the slicing of innocent onions scalds you to tears. I do not know what Duffy is trying to say to the reader here, but there are several possibilities. The adulterer has returned to the household chores for the family, and is crying because he / she feels bad about how he / she has betrayed the family, and is reminded of this by the return to the old routine; or possibly the innocent onions represent the innocent members of the family that the adulterer has hurt this would be the slicing and the realisation of this has made the adulterer cry, just like cutting onions would.
Duffy is telling the reader that the adulterer feels remorse that the family has suffered for her affair, and this changes the atmosphere. It appears that in these verses the poet is describing what happens when the adulterer returns to the family home, he / she sleeps in a marital bed, Duffy is pointing this out so deliberately to highlight the fact that he / she has recently been sharing another bed, an extra-marital one. The tarnished spoon of your body stirring betrayal Duffy uses a metaphor to explain that the adulterer feels dirty due to his / her actions, and is acutely aware of how he / she has let down the family and betrayed the spouse. The reader feels that the adulterer regrets their actions, and is now dealing with the consequences, which could be severe as he / she has to send dumb and explicit flowers on nobody's birthday to try to win over the partner again and apologise. If the partner hasnt found out then the adulterer is probably sending the flowers just out of guilt. However, the last verse implies that the partner does know whats been going on, as they appear to have an argument about it: You did it.
What. Didnt you. Fuck. Fuck. No Duffy does not explicitly show that it is dialogue by using inverted commas, but the language suggests it is. The partner has just discovered what is going on and is confronting the adulterer.
The colloquialism is again used to give the line power, impact, and the ability to shock, as censored is generally considered to be the most taboo word in the English language. It is shows that the this is very emotional. The characters are using strong language because they have very strong feelings and are very upset. They both want to get across the power of what they are feeling, and the lack of question marks-? - show that they are not calmly asking each other questions, but are speaking in statements You did it, didnt you. , rather than You did it, didnt you? .
This also implies that they are shouting at each other. This is usually shown in either capital letters, italics, or bold type, but Duffy again does not want to be so explicit. She wants the reader to have to read the verse a few time through to understand it, as this will make them concentrate more and focus on what is being said. Throughout this poem Duffy is building up atmosphere.
She uses language and poetic devices to create a mood, and then changes the mood, thereby moving the story on.
Free research essays on topics related to: rest of the poem, poetic devices, order to increase, oral sex, readers attention
Research essay sample on Order To Increase Rest Of The Poem
