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When Womens Brain Womens Brain When you look up the dictionary, the definition of Science is a branch of knowledge or study dealing with a body of facts or truths systematically arranged and showing the operation of general laws (Websters dictionary). In order to make a truth, many scientists take the time to observe or test with scientific method. In nineteenth century, there are some incorrect truths even if it looks like truths logically arranged by scientific method because the scientists understood the priori that already assumed the outcome would be the same as their predictions. As I read Stephen Jay Goulds argument from Womens Brains, he found some unequal conditions that supported scientific method for intelligence of man. Paul Broca tried to measure the inferiority of women with scientific certitudes that were invidious comparisons such as races, classes, and sexes. Gould argued about Paul Broca's scientific procedure that men are more intelligent than women because he already assumed the outcome that mens brains are bigger than womens brains.
Broca's assumption comes from the general theory that supported contemporary social distinction as biologically ordained (157). Broca simply believed that man had socially more dominant position than woman around the 19 th century. This prejudice brought his assumption that men had bigger brain than women. However, Gould believed that science is an inferential exercise, not a catalog of facts (153). This interpretation contains that science should have logical and reasoning data. If scientists simply assume the outcome without logical and reasoning data, the result is to come out incorrect or miscalculated data, which is totally different from the fact or truth.
Gould found there are three things that all incorrect in Broca's method such as age, height, and cause of death. These factors have an influence on the size of brain. However, Broca ignored those factors in his scientific measurement because of his social prejudice or assumption that male had prevailed in contemporary period. These miscalculated scientific methods are also involved with my field of study.
Learning relationships between East and West is the most important things about the world from East Asian scientists point of view because the relationship have been maintained since West colonized to most East countries in the 19 th century. Westerner assumed that oriental countries portrayed as a woman with inferior position. This is called Orientalism that Westerner has been studied with prejudice about East countries. Edward Said's evaluation and critique of the set of beliefs are known as Orientalism forms an important background for East Asian studies.
The Orient signifies a system of representations framed by political forces that brought the Orient into Western learning, Western consciousness, and Western empire. The Orient exists for the West, and is constructed by and in relation to the West. It is a mirror image of what are inferior and alien to the West. The Oriental is the person represented by such thinking. The man is depicted as feminine, weak, yet strangely dangerous because poses a threat to white, Western women. The woman is both eager to be dominated and strikingly exotic.
The discourse and visual imagery of Orientalism is laced with notions of power and superiority, formulated initially to facilitate a colonizing mission on the part of the West and perpetuated through a wide variety of discourses and policies. The feminine and weak Orient awaits the dominance of the West. This discourse also comes from Westerners invidious scientific method. In my opinion, there is a trial and error in order to approach a fact or truth. Broca is also one of the scientists who have the process of trial and error in his field of study. According to Eliot's Middlemarch, it is said Here and there a cygnet is reared uneasily among the ducklings in the brown pond, and never finds the living stream in fellowship with its own or-footed kind (159).
It implies that no one realize until they find something that is a fact or truth. Science also can be applied the contemporary living stream in social situation like the story of ugly ducking. 321
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Research essay sample on 19 Th Century Trial And Error
