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Example research essay topic: Woman Suffrage Association Suffrage Movement - 1,758 words

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US history: two essays / two pages Section 1 - (chosen # 1) Before the beginning of the WWI, The United States of America nearly completed its transition from a predominantly agrarian society to a predominantly urban industrial nation. Immigration, urban growth, and the expansion of industrial capitalism proceeded apace. The number of Americans living in cities reached nearly 50 percent, fueled by the arrival of nearly 17 million immigrants, mostly from southern, central, and Eastern Europe. The Asian and Hispanic populations also increased.

Despite the heightening of nationalistic fervor as the U. S. became a major world power, class, race, and regional differences continued to define the American experience. This allowed the USA to be better off than any other country and therefore to establish itself as a world number 1 power (Evans, 12).

Alice Paul brought the attention-getting tactics of British suffragists to U. S. shores. In 1916 Paul and other militant activists, inspired by the British woman's movement, left the NAWSA to form the National Woman's Party.

To bring pressure on Pres. Woodrow Wilson to back congressional passage of a constitutional amendment, they picketed the White HOuse and chained themselves to the White House fence. Grateful to American women for their active participation during World War I (1917 - 1918), CONGRESS passed a woman suffrage constitutional amendment by a narrow margin in 1919. It was ratified by the states in August 1920 (Flexner, 92). The first British woman suffrage committee was formed in Manchester in 1865. In 1866 Elizabeth Garrett, a physician, collected more than 1, 500 petition signatures demanding suffrage for women.

John Stuart Mill, a philosopher and the husband of Harriet Taylor Mill, was elected to Parliament on a platform of woman's suffrage in 1865. In 1869 unmarried women householders could vote in municipal elections (Evans, 34). Woman movements were relatively unpopular in Latin America. The Roman Catholic Church opposed it in Latin America, as elsewhere.

In addition, left-wing politicians did not want to give women the right to vote because they feared that women would help elect right-wing candidates. Nonetheless, women formed suffrage organizations in Mexico, Chile, Argentina, and Brazil. Although Ecuador had no woman suffrage movement, it was the first Latin American country to enfranchise women, with the restriction that voting was obligatory for men, but optional for women. Active suffragists such as Maria Jesus Alvarado Riviera of Peru and Dr.

Zea Hernandez of Colombia were jailed in their respective countries as political prisoners. There were no woman suffrage campaigns in most Asian countries. India and Japan were exceptions (Flexner, 102). In India, Sarojini Naidu headed a deputation of the Women's India Association, which met with the British viceroy to demand the vote in 1919.

The Indian National Congress supported woman suffrage. In 1950, soon after Indian independence, women were granted the vote. Most African women received the right to vote when their countries gained independence. South Africa continues to restrict women's right to vote on grounds of race. Mixed-race women can vote only for candidates of their own race, who serve in the Coloured Parliament (Evans, 40). Neither black women nor black men have the right to vote.

Black South African women have been active in demanding the end to apartheid, South Africa's system of racial segregation, and the establishment of a unitary, nonracial state, in which they, as well as black men, would be enfranchised (Flexner, 90). In Japan Ichiwaka Usa initiated the movement in early 1925 to get equal opportunities for women. They succeeded in gaining the right to organize and attend political meetings, from which they had previously been barred. In the 1920 s one of the two major political parties supported woman suffrage.

The Japanese military took control of the country in the 1930 s and quashed all democratic movements, including the movement for woman suffrage. After the Allied nations defeated Japan in 1945, Japanese feminists and women staff officers of the Allied Occupation cooperated in proposing that the new Japanese constitution should enfranchise women. They hoped that women would use the ballot to make the Japanese nation less warlike, and that women would raise their children to believe in peace and democracy. Speaking about China I would like to note that woman suffrage was granted only after establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949 (Flexner, 56).

In conclusion I would like to say that the fact that the USA had managed to switch to the mass production and thus to become a world political, social and economic leader. The fact that the USA needed qualified cadre allowed females to gain equality. I can also say that in rich countries, women have a better chance to conduct movements and gain equality. The countries of Latin America, Asia, USA and Europe mentioned above are a good example of this notion.

Bibliography: DuBois, Ellen, Feminism and Suffrage: The Emergence of an Independent Woman's Movement in America, 1848 - 1969 (Cornell 1978). Evans, Richard J. , The Feminists: Women's Emancipation Movements in Europe, America, and Australasia, 1840 - 1920 (Barnes and Noble 1977) Flexner, Eleanor, Century of Struggle: The Woman's Rights Movement in the United States (Harvard Univ. Press 1958) Ford, Linda, Iron-Jawed Eagles: The Suffrage Militancy of the National Woman's Party, 1912 - 1920 (Univ. Press of Am. 1991) Lovenduski, Joni, and Jill Hills, The Politics of the Second Electorate: Women and Public Participation (Routledge 1981) Meyer, Donald B. , Sex and Power: The Rise of Women in America, Russia, Sweden, and Italy (Wesleyan Univ. Press 1987) Section 2 - (choose 1) One of the major accomplishments of the progressive era was woman suffrage. The early feminists like Sarah and Angelina Grimke, Abby Kelly, and Lucretia Mott demanded a wide range of changes in woman's social, moral, legal, educational, and economic status; the right to vote was not their initial focus.

After the Civil War, women's rights leaders saw enfranchisement as one of the most important, perhaps the most important of their goals. They were extremely disappointed when the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments did not provide universal suffrage for all Americans, but extended the franchise only to black men. In 1869, The National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) headed by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony was organized.

It opposed the Fifteenth Amendment, but called for a Sixteenth Amendment that would enfranchise women (Evans, 45). Led exclusively by women, the New York-based NWSA focused upon the enfranchisement of women through federal action, and adopted a more radical tone in promoting a wide variety of feminist reforms in its short-lived journal, Revolution. The other organization, the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA) was created in 1869 by Lucy Stone with the aid of her husband Henry Blackwell. While supporting a federal amendment for female enfranchisement, this organization concentrated on developing grass roots support for woman suffrage by forming state-level organizations; and, working through its organ, the Woman's Journal, the AWSA tried to make woman suffrage and other feminist reforms seem less radical and consistent with widely-shared American values (Flexner, 94). In the 1870 's, disheartened by the response to the proposed federal amendment, suffragists also tried other approaches to winning the vote. These included the use of the courts to challenge their exclusion from voting on the grounds that, as citizens, they could not be deprived of their rights as protected by the Constitution (Evans, 80).

Historians differ as to the reason the West was so precocious in its adoption of the woman suffrage. One theory was that frontier conditions undermined traditional gender roles and that women, having proven their ability to conquer difficult conditions and do "men's work, " were rewarded with the vote. Another theory was that the politicians hoped that women voters would help to "civilize" the West. Most historians stress practical politics as opposed to advanced ideology as the explanation, arguing that western politicians found it expedient to enfranchise women for a variety of reasons (Flexner, 230) In Utah, for example, Mormons hoped that the votes of women would help tip the balance of power in their favor in their ongoing power struggle with the non-Mormon population, consisting largely of miners, railroad construction workers, cowboys, and prospectors, who tended not to have women with them. There was, however, considerable grounds for optimism in 1910. The Progressive Movement, which began around 1900 at the grassroots level and swept both national political parties, was proving to be a tremendous boon to the cause of woman suffrage.

In all sections of the United States, men and women who supported Progressive reforms (including pure food and drug legislation, protection for workers, an end to child labor, and legislation to curb political corruption) believed that women's votes would help secure such reforms. Countless women, many of them involved in civic improvement clubs, enlisted in the suffrage movement as they became frustrated at their inability to secure such reforms through "indirect influence" or lobbying alone. The final battle for female suffrage took place in 1920 in Nashville, Tennessee. It appeared that Tennessee had ratified -- the result of one twenty-four-year-old legislator from the mountains (Harry Burn) changing his vote at the insistence of his elderly mother -- the antis still managed to delay official ratification through parliamentary tricks. While anti suffrage legislators fled the state to avoid a quorum, their associates held massive anti suffrage rallies and otherwise attempted to convince pro-suffrage legislators to oppose ratification. Finally, Tennessee reaffirmed its vote for ratification, and the Nineteenth Amendment was officially added to the United States Constitution on August 26, 1920.

In conclusion I would like to say that the feminism despite the modern day criticism has been instrumental in the process of gaining female independence that was reflected in suffrage right. The movements organized by females in the USA who teamed up with the blacks fighting for their rights certainly contributed to their successful endeavor. Bibliography: DuBois, Ellen, Feminism and Suffrage: The Emergence of an Independent Woman's Movement in America, 1848 - 1969 (Cornell 1978). Evans, Richard J. , The Feminists: Women's Emancipation Movements in Europe, America, and Australasia, 1840 - 1920 (Barnes and Noble 1977) Flexner, Eleanor, Century of Struggle: The Woman's Rights Movement in the United States (Harvard Univ.

Press 1958) Ford, Linda, Iron-Jawed Eagles: The Suffrage Militancy of the National Woman's Party, 1912 - 1920 (Univ. Press of Am. 1991) Lovenduski, Joni, and Jill Hills, The Politics of the Second Electorate: Women and Public Participation (Routledge 1981) Meyer, Donald B. , Sex and Power: The Rise of Women in America, Russia, Sweden, and Italy (Wesleyan Univ. Press 1987)


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