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Example research essay topic: Brave New World World War Ii - 1,905 words

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Brave New World Aldous Huxley wrote Brave New World in 1931. It is about a futuristic dystopia in which Huxley exposes the corruption and imperfection of the perfect world. It compares to the real world in that it bears similarities to real events in world history. Huxley tries to convey what might happen if the government could have total control over individuals lives.

In Brave New World, Huxley deals with the theme of technology and how its advancement contributed to the isolation and moral decay. In fact, the novel is an example of a dystopia, a utopia in reverse. Huxley clearly describes a disappointed world that has become dehumanized by technological advancement. The novel opens in the Central London Hatchery and Conditioning Centre. The year is a. f. 632, or 632 years "after Ford" (Huxley, A. 2).

The Director of Hatcheries and Conditioning is giving a group of students a tour of a factory that produces human beings and conditions them for what their roles in the World State will be. He explains to them that human beings no longer produce living offspring. The Hatchery destines each fetus for a particular caste in the World State. The five castes are Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Epsilon. The fetuses undergo different treatments depending on their castes: oxygen deprivation and alcohol treatment guarantee the lower intelligence and smaller size of members of the three lower castes. This technological process aims to make individuals accept and even like their unavoidable social destiny (Huxley, A. 9).

By the time Huxley writes Brave New World, many of the technological advances described in the book had already been introduced. The cultivation of embryos of small mammals in vitro and the cloning of parasitic insects had already been accomplished in the scientific community by the time Huxley wrote the novel. Decanting is the name given to the completion of the artificial and mechanical stimulation of the embryo resulting in what we would call birth - an independent existence. Huxley details this process to emphasize the advancement of scientific knowledge and practice and to show the complete control of the individual from the time of conception. He seems to have a good grasp of what the future earth might hold, even if some of his predictions seem improbable.

The idea of mass-producing embryos in factories seems today to be unnecessary, taking into account the over-population of the world as it is. In the time period that Huxley wrote this novel, it was not a threat (Bedford 267). It is difficult to take the technological achievements seriously, considering that it is coated in heavy satire from the start. Huxley makes fun of religion, in the way that he has created a religion that is based on Henry Ford and his invention of the automobile assembly line. All dates are preceded by "a. f. "After Ford, " just as today's calendar system begins with the birth of Jesus, a.

d. Another characteristic of the fictional religion found in the novel is the predestination of the members of the World State. This is based on the Calvinist beliefs of predestination. Predestination is the act of deciding an individual's fate or destiny for him. Both the Old and New Testaments contain references to God as the Predestinator, but since the World State has eliminated God, predestination is now the function of a government agency. In the World State each individual has been predestined according to the needs of society (Amber 2).

In the novel, there are five classes: Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Epsilon, with Alpha being the highest class, and Epsilon being the lowest. The embryos are mutated with a shortage of oxygen that grows with each lower class. They are then conditioned to accept their place and know their future roles in the World State. The caste system that is described in the novel is somewhat like the social classes of the world today, as well as in 1931. Like the England of his day, Huxley's utopia possesses a rigid class structure, one even stronger than England's because it is chemically engineered and psychologically conditioned. The members of Brave New World's ruling class believe they possess the right to make everyone happy by denying them love and freedom.

Another example is in India, where there is a strict social order that is, in most cases permanent. Lower classes are poor and mistreated, while higher classes are respected and honored (Woodcock 2). One of the World Controllers, Mustapha Mond, describes the state of the world before the Nine Years War to the group of students. The Nine Years' War, he tells them, involved horrible chemical and biological warfare and an extreme propaganda campaign, including the destroying of all books published before a. f. 150. This is strikingly similar to the propaganda campaigns of Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin, and Benito Mussolini.

However, Huxley wrote Brave New World in 1931, before Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany and before Joseph Stalin started the purges that killed millions of people in the Soviet Union. He therefore had no immediate real-life reason to make tyranny and terror major elements of his story. Because Brave New World describes a bad utopia, it is often compared with George Orwell's 1984, which also describes a possible horrible world of the future. The world of 1984 is one of tyranny, terror, and unending warfare. Orwell wrote it in 1948, shortly after the Allies had defeated Nazi Germany in World War II. In 1958 Huxley said, "The future dictatorship of my imaginary world was a good deal less brutal than the future dictatorship so brilliantly portrayed by Orwell" (Bedford 164).

Six years of pharmaceutical research yielded soma, the perfect drug. The problem of aging was solved, and people could now keep the mental and physical character of youth throughout life. This drug, the fountain of youth, is a futuristic notion that Huxley used as what seems to be a solution to the worlds problems. Soma gives rise to a shallow, unfeeling and intellectually boring well-being. It doesn't in any way promote personal growth. Instead, it provides a mindless, false "imbecile happiness" a distraction that is designed to make people comfortable with their lack of freedom.

Some believe that soma is Huxley's futuristic version of LSD, which he was said to use occasionally (Pearce 4). Huxley felt separated from his brothers and friends as a child because of his high intelligence and over-alertness. Bernard Marx and Helmholtz Watson, both members of the elite class, have problems because they " re different from their peers. Huxley felt that heredity made each individual unique, and the uniqueness of the individual was essential to freedom. Like his family, and like the Alphas of Brave New World, Huxley felt a moral obligation- but it was the obligation to fight the idea that happiness could be achieved through slavery of even the most compassionate kind (Bedford 382). Another event that affected Huxley was his mother's death from cancer when he was 14.

This, he said later, gave him a sense of the transience of human happiness (Huxley L. 97). The influence of his loss is seen in Brave New World. The savage loses his mother to soma, and is greatly distraught, as anyone would be. The children tease him and cant understand why he is so upset, since they are conditioned against it. The utopians go to great lengths to deny the unpleasantness of death, and to find lasting happiness. But the cost is great.

By denying themselves unpleasant emotions they deny themselves happy ones as well. Standing in contrast to the utopians are the Savages on the Reservation: poor, dirty, affected by old age and painful death, but, Huxley believes, blessed with a happiness that while still passing is deeper and more real than that enjoyed by the people of the World State (Kanigel 128). These savages are what exists outside of the futuristic advancements of the World State. They live much as the American Indians of Huxley's (as well as the present) time period did. Huxley liked the confidence, energy, and "generous extravagance" (Huxley, L. 147) he found in American life. But he wasn't so sure he liked the way vitality was expressed "in places of public amusement, in dancing and motoring...

Nowhere, perhaps, is there so little conversation... It is all movement and noise, like the water gurgling out of a bath -- down the waste. Yes, down the waste" (Bedford 349). Those thoughts of the actual world were to color his picture of the perpetual happiness attempted in Brave New World. All people of the World State are conditioned to think, act, feel, believe, and respond the way the government wants them to. Conditioning is defined as the training of an individual to respond to a stimulus in a particular way.

The Russian scientist Ivan Pavlov conducted experiments to determine how this conditioning takes place. Further experimentation has proven that individuals can be conditioned to respond in a predetermined way (Wood 116). The Malthusian belt was worn by women in the novel to store their birth control. It was so common and accepted that it was used as a fashion object.

In the World State mandatory birth-control measures are used to regulate the growth of population. Thomas R. Malthus was an English political economist who propounded a doctrine on the theory of population. He believed that unless famine or was diminished the population, in time the means of life would be inadequate (Woodcock 76). In a 1961 interview Huxley explained his conception of Brave New World: The new forces of technology, pharmaceutics, and social conditioning can iron modern humans into a kind of uniformity, if you were able to manipulate their genetic background.

If you had a government unscrupulous enough you could do these things without any doubt. We are getting more and more into a position where these things can be achieved. And it is extremely important to realize this, and to take every possible precaution to see they shall be not achieved (Bedford 402). One of the novels chief strategies is to make all readers recognize what so few characters can comprehend: that preserving freedom and diversity is necessary to avoid suffering the repressions fostered by shallow ideas of progress and technological advances. (Wood 119) Huxley does seem to compare his novel to events in history and in the time period, as discussed before.

His version of a future world with no individualism was almost prophetic, as in the events that took place during World War II. The themes in this novel apply to the world as Huxley knew it. Huxley accomplished a great feat by writing this novel: not only did he create a great novel; he managed to get out his thoughts about his own beliefs as well. Word Count: 1793 Works Cited: Amber, Matthew. "Aldous Huxley" soma web. org. web (12 Jan. 2002) Bedford, Sybille.

Aldous Huxley: A Biography. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1974. Kanigal, Robert. Vintage Reading: From Plato to Bradbury. Baltimore: Bancroft Press, 1998.

Huxley, Aldous. Brave New World. New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1946. Huxley, Laura Archer. This Timeless Moment. New York: Farrar, Status & Giroux, 1968.

Pearce, David. Brave New World? web (14 Jan. 2002) Wood, Douglas Kellogg. Men against Time. Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1982. Woodcock, George.

Dawn and the Darkest Hour: A Study of Aldous Huxley. New York: The Viking Press, 1972.


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Research essay sample on Brave New World World War Ii

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