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Example research essay topic: Five Year Plan Buenos Aires - 2,171 words

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... of labor and social welfare, he employed all the power of a dictatorial state to overcome opposition to long-overdue labor legislation and to build up powerful unions personally attached to him in every economic field. These became the mass base for the Peronist movement. In his years as president, they constituted a watershed in the countrys history in terms of the expansion of government power over the economy, social reform legislation, and the strengthening of the labor movement. In fact, his ideas of economic revival and industrialization were not too distant from those of Communist Russia under Stalin.

For example, Stalin implemented highly centralized planning with top priority for heavy industry and minimal attention to citizens needs. Although in this respect, we must note that Peron took the opposite view of helping the citizens by implementing social reforms for the working class mentioned earlier a Capitalist regime rather than Communist one. However, in respect to industrialization, Peron believed in the same principals as Stalin that the way forward was improving the economy, and in fact implemented a similar system of a five year plan almost like Stalin's five year plan regime. In late 1946 Peron's regime issued its economic program in the form of a five year plan (Plan de Gobierno) The plan, a crude first effort, as much as propaganda as a statement of policy, was eventually submitted to Congress as 27 separate items of legislation and to his credit it yielded striking and immediate results such as a GNP increase of 29 % between 1945 and 1948.

In retrospect, you can see the distinct familiarities of both Peron's and Stalin's doctrine. Stalin too believed in systematic use of terror to cow the population and to destroy even potential opposition. Stalin used tight censorship and had total control of the media and he banned any independent social or cultural organizations. In addition, in Russia, Nationalism was extremely important in rallying popular support for Stalin and ultimately portrays him as a God like figure.

One interesting fact to know is that whereas 1930 - 44 saw the nationalization of the working class i. e. the predominance of native over immigrant workers, the period 1945 - 55 saw the Peronisation of the working class, whereby a bourgeois nationalist ideology was imposed on the mass movement. Thus, nationalism was used to motivate a mass labor movement in favor of Peron. Nationalism was growing in strength since the 1930 s and Peron merely used it in his favor.

However, Peron did remind his audience especially the businessmen and landowners, who he abused in his campaign to win the workers, about the struggle against Communism. He mentions that the world has witnessed the fall of Russia to Communism. In fact, theories of Capitalism are no clearer than in a speech he made in 1944: My dear Capitalists Dont be afraid of my labor movement Capitalism has never been safer, because I too am a Capitalist. I own a ranch, and there are laborers on it. What I want is to organize the workers so that the state can control them, and lay down guidelines for them, and neutralize in their hearts the ideological and revolutionary passions that might endanger our post-war capitalist society.

But the workers will become easily manageable only if they are given some improvements. This is nothing but a clear indication that the traditional system of Argentine Capitalism was supposedly not under threat, but Peron sympathized with it. However, what is also interesting is the increasing element of Socialism, which was being implemented into the country. In 1943 the government took over the private grain elevators, and in 1945 it bought up the British owned Company Primitive de Gas. These too are just an example of the socialist element in his regime. Peron's enemies accused him of opportunism.

In their view, he was a demagogue, with no fixed ideas beyond some borrowings from the ideological grab bag of fascism. Even his supporters, while rejecting the comparison with fascism, admired him for his cleverness and pragmatism. For them, he was a master politician. However, when examining his travels he was extremely struck by Germany: An enormous machine that functioned with marvelous perfection, and where nothing not even a tiny screw was missing On entering Germany one realized that he had never seen in all of Europe anything so perfect and exact in its performance.

He concluded to evaluate that Liberal Democracy and Communism were socially exploitative, with the plutocrats getting the upper hand under the former and the proletariat turning the tables under the latter. Fascism, with its corporative institutions, was superior because it brought all classes together to co-operate for the common good. In evaluating Peron's doctrine mentioned at the beginning of the essay, one could suggest that the theory was more of a democratic and socialist air with the idea of nationalism, patriotism and aid for the people, as David Rock points out in his book Argentina 1516 - 1982 To Peron's numerous adherents, he was the architect of striking progress, especially in the area of social reform. However, he decided to implement this with the aid of communist and fascist methods such as coercion and censorship. [ 4 ]Overall, it is a complete amalgamation of all these elements and ultimately, Peron has succeeded in putting them all together in a way not thought possible. The fact that he has done so and to the extent that it had succeeded, means that it can be looked as a new doctrine because it is so diverse. [ 5 ] However, one cannot fail to spot familiarities to other regimes.

In answer to the question, I must add that after extensive reading I believe that Peronism could be the closest thing to German fascism in another state. This is a very bold statement but one I think is fair. The sheer military involvement, which was synonymous of Argentinean politics, can merely enhance this belief. He used it as a method of coercion and damage control and successfully. Justice, sovereignty, welfare, emancipation, harmony, progress such were the myths of Peronism and the keywords in its discourse. However, for Peron's opponents the legacy of the New Argentina was a shattered and divided society, a bankrupt economy, and a nation vitiated by dictatorship.

For many, social justice had meant imprisonment or exile, and some claimed torture. Peronism was denounced as a Pornocracy that governed by fraud, indoctrination, false propaganda and persecution not too distinct from that of the previous Nazi Fascist regime. [ 5 ] Juan Peron was born in October 8 th, 1985 in Buenos Aires providence to a middle class family. At age 9, he left home for a private school. When he reached 15, he was enrolled in the Military Academy. In 1924 he instructed an officers training group, which supported the fascist and Nazi movements in Italy and Germany. Peron started his political career as an army colonel.

He became vice president and minister of war in 1945. On January 15, 1944 an earthquake almost completely destroyed the town of San Juan, 500 miles west of Buenos Aires. Thousands were killed. The Argentina military was there to support and help out. Juan was the leader, and it was then that he met Eva.

Eva and Juan married in October 21 st, 1945. Eva made a major difference in Peron's presidency. She supported the poor, because she was once poor herself. Evita was the most powerful person in time to control labor.

Upper class thought Evita was a manipulative. She was for the working people. After her death, Juan was no longer strong in his presidency. He ended up being kicked of out Argentina. He was able to come back and elected President again. Eva and Peron made a major difference in everyones life in Argentina.

They will always be remembered for their superior leadership of Argentina. Juan became president of Argentina in February of 1946. He married Evita, and with her help, gained support of many poor and middle class people. He legalized divorce in Argentina. September 16 th, 1955 fires broke out, soldiers fought for Peron, and his presidency came to an end. He was kicked out of Argentina and charged with treason.

He went to Panama and met a nightclub dancer, named Isabel Martinez. They married and Argentina did not approve of it. They took all the statues of Peron and Eva out. Peron negotiated his way back into Argentina after 17 years of exile. He returned to people waiting and fighting because of him, and many were killed. Peron was reelected president in the late 1970 s.

In late June he got a viral lung infection, and on July 1, 1974 he suffered a heart attack, and died. Eva Duarte was born in 1919 in Los Told, Argentina. She was born into a poor family, with a father who denied her. She was the youngest of 5 children.

Her father was killed in a car crash when she was very young. Her family struggled with money, giving her the idea of going into the acting career. At 15, she left her boarding home to pursue her dream in Buenos Aires. In 1945 she got a job as a radio singer during WWII. As we know, Eva helped Peron get elected as president and told about many of his ideas on the radio. She helped Peron get support and keep it of the poor and middle class.

She campaigned for womens right to vote. She made a major difference in Argentina. Evita fell ill and in 1951 died of cancer of the uterus. Her death weakened Juan Peron's power. Many people were very sad when they found out about Evita's death. People stood in line for hours to walk by her body.

Her death saddened many in Argentina. Peron's downfall came when students, bankers, industrialists, and other groups turned against him. In 1952, the death of his wife, Eva Duarte de Peron - Evita, who gained the right to vote for women and founded women's political and social organizations, weakened his support. Evita also brought "health and welfare benefits to the poor, causing her to be idolized by the working class. " Argentina has seen its own economic problems with the election of Juan Peron as president in 1946.

Peron crushed free trade unions; old landholders were hurt by state control over the price of their goods. Peron established huge welfare programs and this did not show Argentina's true economically chance. Peron was replaced in 1955 with the hope of establishing parliamentary democracy, but with such a strong following of Peron, this was not possible and the military took control in 1966 and ' 76. The military regime of General Alexander Lanusse, who took the power in March from 1971, proclaimed its intention to recover constitutional democracy by the end of 1973 and to allow the reestablecimiento of the political parties, including a the Peronist Party. After an invitation of the Military Government, Peron returned to Argentina by a short time in November of 1972. In the elections of March of 1973, the Peronist candidates gained the elections and the majority in the legislature, and, in June, Peron was invited to return to Argentina. [ 6 ]Peron represented himself as a leader for the common people, however his administration-embezzled funds stole from the workers.

With the help of his wife, Eva Peron, who became a spiritual symbol for the nation, he reigned over Argentina until his after her death and his government was overthrown by a military coup in 1955. He spent 18 years in exile; however, Peron retained his labor support and influence in Argentine politics. He was finally allowed to return to Argentina in 1973 and was again elected president, with his third wife as vice president. He died in office on July 1, 1974. Words: 4 089 Endnotes: 1.

Jorge Altamira, Duarte: Un gobierno gol pista de la Union Industrial y el Tesoro Norteamericano, Opera Press, Buenos Aires, 4 Jan 2002, pp. 1 - 5. 2. Report from Banco Central, Clarin (Buenos Aires), Argentina, 12 Jan 2002, p. 1. 3. Eric Toussaint, El eslabon mas de devil de la cadena mundial de la due, Latin America, 3 Feb 2002, p. 1. 4. Raul Dellatore, Other Model page 12, Buenos Aires, 12 Jan 2002; 5. Roberto Potash, El Ejercito y la Politica en la Argentina (Buenos Aires: Editorial Sudamericana, 1983), p. 452. Translated as: The Army & Politics in Argentina (Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 1969). 6.

Nestor Restive, Clarin, Middle class, 29 Jan 2002, pp. 29 - 31 7. Paul Sweet, More or Less Globalization, Monthly Review, vol. 2, 1997. Bibliography: 1) Score, J Argentina a city a nation (Oxford 1964) 2) Lewis, C The Crisis of Argentine Capitalism (1992) 3) Much, A Argentina from Anarchism to Peronism (1987) 4) Rock, B Argentina in the 20 th Century (London 1975) 5) Rock, B Argentina 1516 - 1982 (1986) 6) Valley, E The World since 1945 (1987)


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Research essay sample on Five Year Plan Buenos Aires

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