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Example research essay topic: Website N P 19 Th Century - 1,611 words

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Scotland Yard Scotland Yard is the main residence of London police. It is located in two new big buildings with pointed fountains and ramparts. In 1829 two first London policemen, "Colonel Rowan a retired soldier, and Richard Mayne, a lawyer, were men of the highest capacity and character" (Ramsay 1969, p 88), entered a shabby building not far from the Whitehall Palace, when the first Metropolitan Police Act was passed and the Metropolitan Police Force was established in London (Metropolitan Police, n. p. ).

From the very beginning Scotland Yard became the synonym of municipal London police. It took such name because of complex of buildings where the members of Scotland royal family stayed during their visits to London court. The original police building was "a handsome building of three floors, of mellow London brick with Portable Stone testings (Scottish history, n. p. ) The yard, created by several streets, was called Scotland Yard. This is the story how Scotland-Yard was created. It starts history from September 29, 1829 after the order of Minister of Foreign affairs in Great Britain Sir Robert Pill.

The police counted a thousand of people who were responsible for safety of regions in radius of seven miles from railway station Charring-Cross. The fact that English police was younger than the French one, can be explained by the following reasons. Englishmen had their own interpretations of civil freedoms. However, many foreign observers considered them too exaggerated. British society saw the threat to their civil freedoms in any kind of police supervision.

It lasted till day when London was swallowed up by crimes, violence and lawlessness in the 30 -ies of 19 th century. Due to peculiar understanding of freedoms the country had neither public prosecutors, nor real police. Citizens had to protect themselves by their own means. Probably such point of view was justified until citizens were able to discharge their functions as police. In the course of time people started to hire somebody for them. They hired cheap workers invalids, parcel blinds, vagabonds and even thieves.

Justices of the Peace used their posts for easy money. England didnt have a good municipal police. In the course of 90 years bow-street-runners were the only London detectives. However, they never exceeded 15 people and they couldnt be of much help. Till 1829 there were districts in London where crimes took place in broad daylight. The correlation between peaceful citizens and criminals was 822 / 1.

More than 30 thousand people lived due to murders and crimes. Situation was so serious that British Minister of Foreign affairs Sir Robert Pill decided to create a real municipal police in spite of hostile attitude of society to police. He won this game and in December 7, 1829 one thousand policemen dressed in blue tail-coats, grey sackcloth trousers and black top hats marched through the city to their new police departments. Top hats had to demonstrate to Londoners that police took care of them.

In spite of those high top hats, that had to demonstrate difference between civil citizens and new police, Londoners gave disdainful nicknames to new policemen: leaders, coper's, bobbies, etc. London needed several cruel murders to undertake new step. In 1842 the Minister of Foreign Affairs issued new order: twelve policemen undressed their uniform, dressed civil clothes and became detectives. New detective department was located in three small rooms of Scotland Yard. They investigated corpus delicate of several shocking crimes, such as Muller affair. Yet, even this crime didnt bring success to London municipal police.

Edmond Henderson, who became the head of police in 1869 noted that municipal police experienced great difficulties at the way of its development. The majority of Englishmen didnt trust in police. Criminal Investigation was alien to habits and feelings of English nation. Detectives had to work in secret. In spite of all those difficulties, Henderson managed to enlarge quantity of Criminal Investigation department (it counted now 24 people) and appointed Williamson the head of it. Williamson tried to organize work of Scotland Yard and was quite successful in it.

Another shock lied in wait for Scotland Yard: three workers accepted bribes from people, swindling on totalizator. This scandal aroused new wave of mistrust to Scotland Yard. The organization of police demanded substantial changes. Advocate Howard Vincent became the head of it.

He visited Paris to gain experience of Site. Inspired by example of Massage, he started to collect an album of criminals. Three times per week he was sending 30 detectives to visit Holloway prison to compare the criminals with photos in album. On the other hand, Londoners didnt think much of Scotland Yard.

We can remember a story, when Williamson saw a stranger, who looked like a retired policemen. Williamson asked him: Havent you been working in our department? and the stranger replied: Thanks God, no. I have never come down so low! During the first years of existence, municipal police didnt have separate departments. Only in 1842 after a couple of scandalous murders Scotland-Yard created a special department of investigations.

It consisted of two inspectors and six sergeants. However, the city became bigger and the crime level increased. In 1878 Scotland-Yard increased the quantity of detectives. It also created a department of criminal investigations. Till the end of 19 th century Scotland-Yard became a menace for criminals, although the attitude among British elite was quite skeptical. In stories of Conan Doyle his favourite character doesnt like to discuss his criminal investigations with police.

From time to time he only asks to pay his respects to inspector and to focus his attention on some details that can bring to definite conclusions. When he hears about conclusions, made by policemen, Holmes exclaims something like: Its incredible stupidity! He wasnt correct. Structures and methods of polices were constantly polishing up. In 1890 central department of London police, consisted of 16 thousand people moved into a new building, - New Scotland-Yard, located not far from Westminster Bridge and Parliament. The first New Scotland Yard is now called the Norman Shaw Building and part of it is still used as a police station (Cannon Row) for the Westminster area (Wikipedia Website, n.

p. ). By that time London criminologists based their investigations rather on newest scientific methods of investigations (they examined dactylogram's, etc) than on psychological impromptu they used before. The beginning of our century is commemorated by instant increase of novelties in investigations of crimes. Scotland Yard even outdistanced analogical services of Europe and the United States.

So, in October 1910 Scotland Yard successfully disclosed the affair of Howley Harvey Crippen the doctor, who poisoned his wife and hided traces of his crime by dismemberment. The doctor made everything to make impossible to determine even the gender of victim. Scotland Yard used new methods of histology that became a starting point of criminal medicine. John Spilberry used method of microscopy of tissue for rumen identification in relation to old body injuries. Rapid development of English criminology was conductive to success of Scotland Yard all over the world. Scotland Yard employs thousands of representatives of ethnic minorities living in the territory of Great Britain and beyond its borders.

The employment is made within the limits of reform program for British police. Authorities of Scotland Yard consider that such measures will help them to struggle with ethnic criminality and adapt themselves to new realities. Sir John Stevens, the head of police department, tells that new structure where different policemen from different countries will be working will look like similar organizations of international doctors without borders. Police will conclude contracts with representatives of world countries. By his opinion, language barrier will not be a problem, because English is spoken internationally. According to his calculations, foreign contingent of Scotland Yard will reach 35 thousand people.

Nowadays Scotland Yard counts more than 30 thousand of officers, 12 thousand of other office workers and approximately 1. 400 policemen. After the government issued an order to widen the borders of responsibility zone in April 2000, the police of Scotland Yard became working also in London and suburbs, - 620 square miles with population more than seven million people. Scotland Yard's crime database is called Home Office Large Major Enquiry System, and the acronym is HOLMES. As well, the training program is called "Elementary" in honour of the great, if fictional, detective Sherlock Holmes (Wikipedia, n.

p. ) Scotland Yard's telephone number was originally Whitehall 1212. The majority of London area police stations, as well as Scotland Yard itself, still have 1212 as their last four digits (Answers. com Website, n. p. ) Besides, according to old tradition, police of London Finance Centre City is an individual unit that is not subordinated to London police. The departments of City police, municipal police and British transport police are in close coordination to provide citizens of London with order and safety. Till the beginning of 20 th century the work of Scotland Yard was not very effective.

Crime rate in England was 1, 5 - 2 times more than in France. Situation has changed drastically after usage of newest scientific discoveries (such as perfection of French dactyloscopy, ballistics, etc). Crime rate in England is much lower than in any country of Europe due to effective work of Scotland Yard. Bibliography.

Answers. com Website. Scotland Yard. Retrieved March 26, 2005. < web > Ramsay, A. A. W. (1969).

Sir. Robert Peel. NY: Libraries Press Scottish History and Culture: How the London Police became Scotland Yard. Retrieved March 26, 2005. < web > Website. (No date). Metropolitan Police [Scotland Yard] Retrieved March 26, 2005. < web > Wikipedia Website. Scotland Yard.

Retrieved March 26, 2005. < web >


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Research essay sample on Website N P 19 Th Century

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