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Example research essay topic: World War Ii Warsaw Pact - 1,748 words

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International Relations Class Paper over books and videos. 1. The World War II has seriously modified the world geographic map and significantly changed the systems of relations between states and nations. Many modern international institutes are the product and heritage of the World War II. This war caused the greatest number of deaths in the history of mankind. The exact number of murdered is still unknown, it is clear that there were more that 50 millions of dead people.

The movie Das Boot tells about such ordinary human beings who were forced to fight and to die. Since this is a story about human beings, not politics, it's not difficult or ethically troubling for audiences to find themselves in sympathy with Das Boot's characters even if, during the time period represented, they were the enemy. Within the bowels of the submarine, there's no room for Nazi philosophizing or cheerleading. In fact, the Captain expresses disdain for the Fuhrer and his minions. Although this was made as a German film about a uniquely German experience during a painful episode in German history, Das Boot possesses an acute insight that allows it to be understood and enjoyed by viewers all around the world. (Berardinelli, 1997) After the World War II there were two super-powers left USA and USSR.

The three European states Great Britain, France and Germany that dominated till September 1939 has almost lost their status and influence. There were new powers on the arena. USSR had the biggest and best equipped army in the world, but its economy was ruined after the Nazis occupation. The United States had the total military superiority in the air as well as in the sea. There were no military operation in the USA that is why the country turned into the leading industrial world power. The World War II led to establishment of several institutes that still play a leading role in international relations.

The United Nations Organization was established on the 24 th of October in 1945 by 51 countries that were eager to keep peace by means of further international cooperation and common safety. As for today, almost all the world countries are the members of the UNO. The military crimes during the World War II led to adoption of the Declaration of Human Rights. Although this document was not fully accepted by socialistic countries claiming that there were not considered the materialistic demands of humans, as well as it was criticized by a number of Islamic states blaming the Declaration for propaganda of European values that differ from the Islamic ones greatly. The result of the International Conference in 1944 in Bretton Woods (USA) was the decision about establishment of the new system of international financial relation. In 1946 the International Monetary Fund was founded that had to promote the development of economic relations between states, as well as the World Bank that was aimed to mobilize financial resources for support of ruined countries.

In March 1947 the Truman Doctrine was established. Its aim was financial help for Turkey, Greece, and later on Italy. This was the answer to the Communist takeover in Eastern Europe, occupied by Soviet troops. In 1948 the Act of Economic Cooperation was signed.

This was considered to be the start of fulfilling of the programme that was later known as the Marshall Plan. This was the first time when the country-winner provided financial aid. This Plan changed the ideology of international relations. Later on it led to establishment of NATO and European Union. In fact, the genealogy of the united Europe started with specially established American aid that was divided and joint projects of the Administration of the Economic Cooperation. This was the base for the European Economic Community and later on the European Union. 2.

The term Cold War was first used in 1947 by the advisor of Truman, American President at that time, defining the relationship between two major world powers at that time USA and USSR. Both countries were eager to spread their influence all over the world dividing the world into two blocks: Western occupied by the USA, and Eastern conquered by USSR. There was no actually a war itself, no fighting against each other. The two opposing ideologies met Capitalism and Communism expecting that the other side would take military actions and suspecting each other. They both had their fears: USSR did not want to give up its new satellites, while USA was against the spread of Marxism over its territory. Moreover, the relations between these two have worsened after the World War II.

That all began with the Marshall Plan in 1947, when USA decided to give a financial aid to Europe and Soviet Union refused. The next step was the division of Germany and its capital. Each of the four new owners of the country wanted the bigger part, but USSR even started a blockade of the city in 1948, the whole city was occupied by Soviets and was provided from airplanes. The answer was the creation of NATO in 1949, the year when USSR exploded its first A-bomb. Then there were Korean War, American bombs, spread of communism, Berlin Wall, Vietnam War, Warsaw Pact. All of these were the actions, although taking place not in the countries themselves, were directed against each other while attempting to show who the ruler of the world is.

The armies of the countries involved rarely had much direct participation in the Cold War; the war was primarily fought by intelligence agencies like the CIA (United States), MI 6 (United Kingdom), BND (West Germany), Stasi (East Germany) and the KGB (USSR). Agents were sent both to the east and the west, and spies were also recruited on location or forced into service. When detected, they were either killed instantly or exchanged for other agents. Spy airplanes and other surveillance aircraft were likewise regularly shot down upon detection.

In the movie The Spy who came in from the cold we are a story of such an agent who comes in from "the cold" (meaning he is pulled out of field operations) to act as an undercover man behind the Iron Curtain. To make his staged defection seem genuine, Burton goes on an alcoholic toot and is imprisoned and publicly humiliated. Once he has been accepted into East German espionage circles, Burton discovers that what he thought was his mission was a mere subterfuge -- and that he's been set up as a pawn for an entirely different operation. While USA promoted free elections and democracy, USSR was either against elections in general or for fixed ones and choosing dictatorship; USA moved towards capitalism and USSR towards communism. The motto of American nation was Survival on the fittest and Soviets believed that everybody helped everybody. This lack of mutually understanding an alien culture, would lead the world down a very dangerous path.

But the development of international relations has brought its results and the time came when the Cold War was ended. 3. The establishment of NATO and Warsaw Pact were the answers of the two blocks to each other being the institutes that played a significant role during the Cold War. The first step was taken by the USA when in 1949 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was formed in order to protect non-communist countries of the Western Europe from USSR. The signatories of NATO were USA, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Great Britain, France, Italy, Iceland, Norway, Luxemburg, the Netherlands, Portugal. Later on there were also Greece, Turkey, Spain and Western Germany. The Cold War has reached its highest point and the only wished thing was to keep peace, so the goal of NATO was considered to be enhancing the stability, freedom and well-being of the Western countries by means of such a system of common security.

The principle idea was not only to protect the Western world from the Eastern aggression but to keep peace and stability within the limits of the Western countries. For example, Germany and Italy fought against many other countries but when forming NATO all the members were to promise not only not to fight against each other but to protect each other from external invaders and treat an attack of any member as an attack on itself. The biggest and strongest member of NATO was the United States with its nuclear weapons. Members of NATO did not expect any invasion from Soviet Union believing that USSR would not risk fighting against such a nuclear monster as USA. That is why the policy of NATO is mostly known as deterrence meaning that it was designed to discourage (to deter) any attack.

In 1955 the Eastern prepared their answer to the Western world and formed their own alliance called Warsaw Pact. This alliance set up under a mutual defence treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland, in 1955 by Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the Soviet Union. This alliance was formed as a response to what the Soviets viewed as aggressive behaviour by the West. It has, after all, been termed the first multinational treaty in human history aimed entirely at strengthening peace. It is generally accepted, however, that the Pact was not merely a response to NATO, but a response to the entry of a re-armed West Germany into that organization in 1955.

The Federal Republics entry was a disturbing event for the Soviets who saw hat action as a potential threat to their post-war efforts to mold the nations of Eastern Europe into a protective zone along their vulnerable western frontier. (Hojern 1990) Both treaties protected themselves from each other, and although the Cold War is already over, the Warsaw Pact does not longer exist (in 1991 it was dissolved) but NATO is still active. And its purpose is not quite clear nowadays, but there are still fears and a wish to protect peace. Bibliography: 1. Das Boot (The Boat). A Film Review by James Berardinelli, 1997. Retrieved from the Web March 11, 2005, web 2.

Hojern, Ole. The Northern Tier Non-Soviet Warsaw Pact; An Assessment, 1990. Retrieved from the Web March 11, 2005, web 3. Perry, William; Carter, Ashton; Driscoll, Hillary. Defining Nato's Purpose. 2004. The Eisenhower Institute.

Retrieved from the Web March 11, 2005, web 4. The Spy Who Came in from the Cold. The New York Times Movies. September, 2004. Retrieved from the Web March 11, 2005, web 5.

What was the Cold War? Retrieved from the Web March 11, 2005, web


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