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Example research essay topic: Charles Scribner Sons York Charles Scribner - 2,414 words

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Edison Decades before Thomas Edison's work began on moving pictures, people were making crude hand drawn motion pictures, much like how animated cartoons are drawn. Eventually photographers began to experiment with taking a series of pictures of a subject in motion, and then showing them back in sequence. British photographer Edward Muybridge was a pioneer in this process. He had 700 cameras set up in sequence, to photograph a trotting horse. This major undertaking yielded just 60 seconds of motion picture when all the photographs were viewed back in sequence. In 1888 Thomas Edison met with Muybridge to discuss adding sound to his moving pictures. (Musser) Edison wanted to record sound on his phonograph and then synchronize it with the moving picture.

Muybridge wasnt much interested because he felt the phonograph wouldnt be loud enough for a large audience to hear. The meeting inspired Edison to develop his own motion picture machine. Most of the work on the Kinetograph and Kinetoscope was performed by one of Edison's assistants, William Kennedy Laurie Dickson. The basic concept was to use a cylinder similar to those on Edison's phonograph, inside a camera and coated it with a light sensitive material. Every time a picture was taken the cylinder turned slightly, taking another picture. (Conot) Thomas Alva Edison worked on creation of the device for record and reproduction of moving images since 1887, but serious breakthrough in this area has succeeded to him only in 1889 after George Eastmen, the future founder of company "Kodak", has invented a celluloid photosensitive film. On the principle offered by Edison his assistants William Kennedy and Laurie Dickson has built in 1889 "Kinephonograph" which reproduced the time-lapse image filmed on Eastmen's film and synchronized it with the sound written down on a phonograph Edison 's cinema was primary with sound!

However to look at it was possible only through an eyelet of special "Kinetoscope" inside of which half-meter celluloid tapes were located for reproduction. As a light source served arc Zeiss lamp. (Bowser) In the beginning of October, 1889 Edison has returned from the Parisian exhibition. Dickson has prepared a gift for him: the first true "Kinetophonic" film! On a film Dickson, which has greeted Edison, appeared and has lifted some times a hand, counting at this time up to ten to prove synchronism of a sound and the image.

Edison was delighted and on October, 7 has shown the device and film to several visitors of his laboratory. (Phillips) In public salons the technical novelty had a success, and in 1892 Edison financed creation of a first-ever film studio. It was small wooden construction, living from within and outside of a black matter; inside it has consisted of two rooms stages on which there was an action, and an equipment room. The camera has been placed on rails and moved to a stage or back. Whole construction could turn on wheels so, that through the glazed roof the sun always shined. For dark color studio following smb. 's example have nicknamed "Black Maria." Construction of first-ever studio has costed 637 dollars. (Bowser) In "Black Maria" short plots - dancing and circus numbers, boxing fights, tricks of conjurers, even bears were filmed. Some films, for example, "The Texas cowboys throwing lasso", were made "on a nature" outside of studio.

Kinetography gradually been won the increasing popularity... But the history has sneer pulled out at Edison laurels of "cinema pontiff." In 1894 on one of demonstrations of "Kinetoscope" in Paris engineer Lui Lumber, who already in the beginning of the next year together with brother August, has issued the patent on "Cinematograph" - the device uniting the camera and a projector has casually got. On March, 22, 1895 brothers have conducted presentation of the invention to members of the national industrial commission, and on December, 28 in Grand Cafe on Capucins Avenue, the first paid cinema session has taken place by which the birth of a new kind of mass art was marked Edison, up to insulting easily bypassed by the European upstarts, has begun to search urgently for own technical opportunities for the organization of mass sessions. For this purpose he had to redeem the patent on "vitascope" Jenkins Armatt projector (which, by the way, was improvement of his own invention). On April, 23, 1896 the first American public demonstration of "vitascope" films has taken place in the New York music Hall. (Hughes) In the first decade of XX century the film-madness has captured whole world and especially America.

The film-industry developed with furious paces. Films were filmed by thousands and brought fabulous profits. Edison, the trailblazer of filming, which invention in many respects have generated this boom, has been removed by more vigorous film-makers from a position of the leader of branch, but he did not intended to be reconciled with such situation. In 1909 he initiated creation of the film-industries Union of Patent Holders, which practically monopolized all branch and received deductions from every created or shown film in the USA. Having put thus the film-industry the USA in his full control, Edison has tried to return to himself also the leadership in the field of film production. At its own studio ("Black Maria" by that time has been deserted) one by one feature films were shot, the magazine "The Kinetogram" is issued and so on.

However in 1917 to Edison 's Union of Patent Holders has been applied the antitrust law, and wonderful time has ended. Edison, deprived the main lever of financial pressure upon competitors, has immediately withdrawn all investments from the film-industry. And he was never more engaged in cinema. (Israel) The mass media in the life of modern Society Modern life is hardly possible without information. Of course friends and relatives keep us informed about what is happening in the world, but such information is second-hand, and therefore is not at all reliable. It is the mass media that provide us with first hand and reliable information. Humans have always had a need for entertainment and information.

What changes is the technology by which we communicate these ideas with each other. The printing press, which was invented in the mid fifteenth Century by a guy called Gutenberg, was probably the first significant technological development leading to the production of the media we know today. This meant the speedily reproduction of texts. The first book to come of the printing press was the Bible at the time of the Reformation so that every household and person could have access to the word of God.

It's just been a constant stream of inventions since then from newspapers to radio; to television and to now with the Internet. The mass media plays an important role in our life. Millions of copies of newspapers are printed in our country every day. The role of the press can hardly be overestimated, particularly at present. It keeps you informed in the latest news, different events, home and foreign affairs, news of culture, science and engineering development. But publishing news is not the only purpose of the press.

There are many other purposes, which can be achieved by the press. It enriches our knowledge and broadens our outlook. The press shapes public opinion, influences governmental policy, gives citizens a view of our country and foreign countries as well. It performs a few functions: informative, entertaining, commercial and is addressed to people of different political views and different stations in life.

What is printed and what is not, largely depends on the publishers concert of news. There is a well-known joke circulating among the publishers, which exactly defines their idea of news: If a dog bites a man, thats not news, but if a man bites a dog, that is news. (We Media) In other words, news must be something unusual, unexpected, and sensational. But with many papers and magazines there exits a funny tradition to mystify their regular readers with sensational and incredible stories, published on their pages. Everyone knows that we get a great amount of information by mass media, especially TV.

TV now plays an important part in many peoples life. It is an immensely powerful medium, as it uses the most important from of communication, the visual image, it is essential for us to try to decide whether it is a blessing or a curse. It demands complete and silent attention. It is death to conversation and normal two-way contact between individuals. It makes passive non-participating spectators of us all. We begin to forget how to occupy our spare time.

Now all our free time is given to television. Obviously TV has both advantages and disadvantages. (Harper) But to the former outweigh the latter. Really if there is a TV set in your home all youve got to do is to turn a knob, or to turn over to another channel or to turn the sound up and down, and you see plays, films, operas and shows of every kind, not to mention political discussions and the latest exciting football matches. TV, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allows one to follow the latest developments in science and politics and offers an endless series of programmes, which are both instructive and stimulating.

The most distant countries and the strangest customs are brought right into our sitting room. You can hardly find a corner where one cannot receive radio or TV broadcasts. Hundreds of stations speaking in every language of the world fill the air. (Center for History & New Media) Radio and TV-n are undoubtedly, the quickest means of spreading news and information. What a great amount of information we get! We watch TV to be well informed. It gives wonderful possibilities for education.

There are considerable variety of programmers and we can select what we want to see: a film or a play, sport programmes, the latest news and so on. We find it pleasant to sit in our armchairs and glue to our sets and little by little people get accustomed to this mode of life and are cut off from the real world. Another kind of link between the public and the media is advertising. The mass media helps us with information about new goods and services. But some people are tired of advertisements and dont like to see their favourite films or programmes interrupted by them. I hope some way will be found to solve this problem.

For example, there are 2 organizations providing TV and radio services in Great Britain. The BBC is state-funded and there is ABC on lately no advertising in BBC programmes, and in the programmes of the Independent Television, the advertising is also restricted. (Hansen) Another tool used in media consists of the Internet and its accessibility. The Internet can be found virtually anywhere. Homes have up to three computers, all with high-speed Internet access. Chat rooms are a nice way to meet people from all over the world. When were you ever going to meet some one in Australia, without actually going there?

You werent thats what makes Internet so great. There is always going to be that one person that fibs and tell you that they are someone they are not. That is why must use their discretion. If a person emails you their picture and they look like a model, chances are they are probably not who they say they are. If you looked like a model you wouldnt be on a computer Friday night chatting at 11 pm. Think about it people.

Precautions still need to be made to make this wide spread information highway a safe environment. There are filters that can help but people still need to be Internet smart. (Garrison) The power of the media lies in its ability to set the nation's agenda, that is, the media's power to direct the nation's attention to particular events and issues, to the exclusion of others. The media serves as the nation's sense of perception. In individuals, the process of selecting and interpreting stimuli, known as perception, is influenced by one's personality and culture -- the set of beliefs, values and norms which we learn to expect.

Just as individual perception is shaped by culture, so is collective perception -- the media -- influenced by culture. Our sense of personal identity comes partially from what and how we perceive. The same could be said for our sense of national identity. Therefore, the media both reflects and shapes our national identity. (Jones) To my opinion, Ill be quick right to say that the volume of information in the modern world is tremendous, that is why we should decide for our selves what is really necessary and what may some day appear to be useless. In conclusion, it would be foolish to say that media has an impact on peoples values and opinions. The more informed a person is the better decision they can make, but the problem arises when we consider where we get our information.

Therefore, it would probably benefit people greatly if they were very careful about what they read, see, or hear. To trust everything is to be naive and that can be very dangerous. Bibliography: Edison: Hughes, Thomas P. American Genesis: A History of the American Genius for Invention. New York City: Penguin Books, 1989 Conot, Robert E. Thomas A.

Edison: A Streak of Luck. New York: Da Capo, 1986 Israel, Paul. Edison: A Life of Invention. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998 Josephson, Matthew. Edison: A Biography.

New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1992 Phillips, Ray. Edison's Kinetoscope and Its Films (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1997) Musser, Charles. The Emergence of Cinema (vol. 1 in History of the American Cinema). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1990.

Bowser, Eileen. The Transformation of Cinema, 1907 - 1915 (vol. 2 in History of the American Cinema). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1990 Mass Media: Garrison, Bruce. Computers and News Research Project, University of Miami, 2004 < web > Center for History & New Media < web > We Media: How Audiences are Shaping the Future of News and Information. The Media Center at API < web > Hansen, Kathleen A.

and Nora Paul. Behind the Message: Information Strategies for Communicators. Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 2004. Harper, Christopher.

And That's the Way It Will Be: News and Information in a Digital World. New York: New York University Press, 1997. Jones, Steve. Encyclopedia of New Media.

Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2003.


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Research essay sample on Charles Scribner Sons York Charles Scribner

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