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Example research essay topic: Marx And Engels Karl Marx - 1,933 words

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... world. The working class occupies a stable position. First of all such situation is a result of creation of world socialists system, which is the main victory of international working class. After the victory of Great Social October Revolution and appearance of socialism in the world as a powerful system, we notice opposition of two social systems. Social revolution is the highest stage of class struggle.

It means the radical turn over in life of society, which means the destruction of old regime and the establishment of a new one. The new regime supposed to be more progressive. Such social revolution means transfer from one economical social formation to another. The political party is the highest organizational form of class struggle. The structure of political party always corresponds to definite historical conditions. The party is a political organization of people with the same political views, which unites the most active representative of class.

It is also the social group, which represents the interests of class and which manages this class during the class struggle. Communist party is the party of historically progressive forces and parties of social revolution. It is a structure, which ideologically and organizationally corresponds to the interests and tasks of the working class. The Communist party is an advance guard.

Its role is to guide the struggle of working class by means of different institutions (trade unions, cultural, ideological and social-economical organizations and movements). It also can manage directly, without any institution. The main idea of communist party to overthrow capitalism by help of revolution and to give power to a working class, Still the Communist party doesnt disappear after the revolution. It stays as the managing centre of building of the new society until the theory of classes will die.

Working class takes the most important place in social revolution. It is one of the main classes of bourgeois society and acts as the main driving force of revolutionary process. Such revolutionary role of working class is stipulated by development of manufacturing forces and industrial relations, where it takes the place of the main creator of different social material comforts. The development of capitalist industry gradually makes labor of worker more intellectual and creative.

It also decreases the material index of the labor. From the other side, a person has new demands, which are not related to his personal and social development. One of such main demands is the demand in labor. It means that a man had demand in creative, highly cultural and highly scientific activity, but not in a routine physical labor. Such labor develops a person and the results of such labor bring a new product to society and also present the absolutely new level of development. The demand in labor, as an individual demand of a person, has collective character due to way of its satisfaction.

A man doesnt work individually. He works with the other people and they have common interests and aims of activity. Such tendencies are seen well in the sphere of working class and intelligence especially in the epoque of globalization. Quite often they have obstacles in society of bourgeois relations, individual values and material interests. Within the limits of capitalism the labor of person bears collective character, whereas the consumption bears individual character. Such position of things can be explained by fact that individual values are very important.

During the last stage of capitalism working class starts a struggle with bourgeoisie for management in manufacture. The very social development, appearance of new technique (computerization), growth of education level, culture, consciousness, forming of new psychological qualities of working class dictates the necessity of collective, democratic management. At the same time, such type of management is impossible in society, which obeys the rules of private property, because it contradicts private property and power of capital. It also means that bourgeoisie looses control over economics. In such a way, capitalism becomes the obstacle in social development. Working class should have support of their followers and allies: progressive intelligence, craftspeople, peasantry and petty bourgeoisie.

The better such alliance is, the better will be the destiny of social revolution. The typical feature of last stage of capitalism is increasing internationalism of working people. The social-economical, political and cultural union of the whole planet leads to union of all forces, struggling with capitalism. Their struggle gains total character. Internationalism, which took place as international solidarity, now becomes the international union of actions.

The new Communist international should be the guiding force of the struggle. It means, that the international communist movement should create an international organization, which will be an international union of communist parties. The further development of society as well as appearance of contradictions inevitably leads to social revolution in the epoque of globalization. The social revolution means qualitative transformation of society.

It opens the way for establishment of new communist society. Such revolution, according to Marx, cancels the main contradictions of late capitalism: between labor and capital, between imperialistic countries, between national capital and communist tendencies of development, etc. Revolutionary situation is the main condition for a social revolution. It means that revolutionary situation should include the combination of objective efforts, expressing economical and political crisis of definite social class. The main signs of social revolution are as follows: The ruling class is not able to preserve its management without changes; The suppressed chasses are in critically bad economical situation; The suppressed classes become very active.

Still, those three conditions are objective. There are also subjective conditions of social revolution: - The revolutionary class must be able for brave active struggle; - There should be experienced revolutionary party, which executes strategic and tactical guidance. We also need to note that the presence of both objective and subjective conditions doesnt mean that they are valid for building of communist society. For example, the experience of the USSR teaches us that building of socialist system, without necessary objective and subjective factors, such as gap of social psychical development, the fact that society wasnt ready to built communist relationships can be ended with collapse and with restoration of capitalistic system. Those features are typical for all early social revolutions (which werent well-prepared and stable), which took place in the 20 th century. Dictatorship of proletariat is the necessary feature of any social revolution.

It is the most democratic dictatorship. Such dictatorship is the government of transitional period from capitalism to socialism. Its function is to use power of proletariat in order to suppress resistance of exploiters inside the country, to fix the victory of revolution and to protect the government from aggressive actions of international reaction. The main task of proletariat dictatorship is to unite workers in the circle of working class. Such dictatorship, being the supreme type of democracy in class society, has the goal to attract the bigger quantity of people for management of governmental and social affairs. When exploiter classes disappear, all social groups gradually accept the positions of communism.

In such a way the very concept of working class disappears as well, because the class society disappears. We have to note also that social revolution usually takes place in those countries, which have the sharpest capitalist contradictions together with factors, necessary for revolution. We can distinct several stages of Marxism development. The first one is the stage of forming and development of Marxism by Marx and Engels in the second half of XIX century.

Actually, it is a classical Marxism, which is closely related to activity of its founders. Their attitude to their own scientific and theoretical positions was quite critical. The second stage is the development of Marxism theory by Lenin. Revolution of 1917 gave possibility to practice Marxism theory and to check its vitality by revolutionary tactics. Lenin and his followers tried to develop the theory during the real socialistic building of new society.

In brief, theoretical and practical genius of Marx and Engels was continued by theoretical and practical genius of Lenin. Marxism has found its great follower in the second half of XIX century. Lenin has shown the vitality of project, its potential and great scientific possibilities. He has developed it into a stable system. Such creative stage of development was called Leninism. The modern Marxism is a combination of old theory with new creative ideas.

For example, in different countries of Eastern and Western Europe, a lot of Marxists felt necessity to bring in new realities of theoretical positions. We can remember the conceptions of democratic socialism, humane socialism, socialism with human face, etc which had also some revision elements. The representatives of Western Marxism, such as French Lucien Sev, Louis Altusser and others, made great contribution into development of Marxism and establishment of Marxist positions in the modern society. The historical and dialectic paradox is that from the very beginning Marxism was understood as Western Marxism, because is was created in progressive countries of Western Europe: Germany, France and England.

Only after Stalin's period Marxism gained the form of the Eastern ideology. Nowadays Marxism seems to get a new breathe in the countries of Western Europe as non-orthodox Western Marxism, on the contrary to orthodox Eastern Marxism. Such development became possible due to historic and dialectic paradoxes. A lot of leaders in communist parties have radical attitude to the modern concept of Marxism. They cannot agree with such system, which was established in the USSR during Stalin's times as a real socialism, which was deformed by socialistic practice. Such practice doesnt have much in common with Marx's ideas and his common theoretical thoughts about socialism.

There is another form of Marxism euro communism, which was quite popular in European countries. It gives to the socialist society democratic, human characteristics, based on Marxism principles and at the same time it doesnt agree with defects of real socialism in the USSR. The new radical principles are laid at the basis of creation of new Marxist school Neomarxism or the new Marxism. They are based on the main principles and build their own new, left-radical concepts including elements of Marxism conscience.

Actually, we cannot call such concept Marxism, but a kind of revision. Frankfurt School is the representative of new Marxism. Their philosophers mainly use works of young Marx and his separate works to criticize the real socialism. At the same time they revise the basic concepts of Marxism in comparison to Freudism. Our century is known for its optimistic tendencies of growth and development of Marxism and Socialism.

As far as Marxism represents peculiar theory with implementation of methods, it, naturally, cannot demand to be accepted by all countries and all parties. It occupies its definite position in the world and definite place in the system of knowledge. You cannot underestimate its meaning as well as you cannot overestimate it. Modern Marxism develops together with other philosophical schools; the leaders use all progressive methods from new philosophical works, criticizing and using new additional knowledge they can get from world society of scientists. We can understand Marxism as the modern scientific theory of Marxist type. It means that we dont revise Marxism and dont make any corrections.

We accept it, taking into account new approaches as well as old traditional theory. We cannot consider Marxism a dogma; it is a theory, which constantly develops and becomes more modern. Bibliography: Avineri, S. (1972). The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx.

London Press. Enter, J. (1991). An Introduction to Karl Marx. Berkeley: University of California Press Luk Acs, G. (1985). History and Class Consciousness. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press Mazlish, B. (1985).

The Meaning of Karl Marx. Washington, DC


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Research essay sample on Marx And Engels Karl Marx

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