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Example research essay topic: United States And Canada Agricultural Sector - 1,738 words

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A comparision of the agriculture policies of Canada and Sweden Canada-Sweden bilateral relations are positive, constructive and essentially free of irritants. The common elements in Sweden and Canada's makeup and outlook have led to similar commitments to UN Reform, peacekeeping, development assistance, an improved environment, democratic development, human rights and the emerging agenda on human security. The Swedish term as EU President in 2001 allowed expanded cooperation on many issues of importance to both Canada and Sweden. Thus Jan Karlsson, Minister of Development Cooperation, Migration and Asylum Policy visited Canada in December 2002, to attend an international roundtable to discuss strategic agriculture and rural development. Speaking about agricultural policies in both countries, firstly it is important to say that they are different but both of them are created to improve agricultural situation in Canada and Sweden.

And they are both are effective. CANADA Canada's economic policies continue to provide support for industries and technologies that result in serious harm to air quality, agriculture, human health and the environment. In order to address environmental issues in agriculture effectively, producers, processors, and governments work together. Federal / provincial agreements on environmentally sustainable agriculture are helping producers design and implement activities focused on issues such as water quality, waste management, and soil conservation. The key decisions about investing in more environmentally sustainable practices are being made at the farm level. As such, it is the farm sector that must ultimately decide on how to protect the resources upon which it relies and in so doing, minimize environmental degradation.

The Canadian vision of sustainable agriculture was expressed in Growing Together, the discussion paper that initiated the comprehensive Agri-Food Policy review in 1989. The vision provided a framework to integrate economic, social, and environmental goals and was endorsed by governments and a variety of stakeholders. The Report also identified eight main environmental and natural resource issues facing Canada's agriculture and agri-food sector: conservation of soil resources, surface and groundwater quality, water quantity management, sustainable management of wildlife habitat, air quality and climate change, energy efficiency, pollution and waste management, and conservation of genetic resources. Agriculture and Agri-food Canada has completed a national consultative process to examine the challenges of environmental sustainability facing the sector and to develop a federal departmental strategy and action plan.

In support of sustainable agriculture, farmers are forming rural conservation clubs and developing environmental farm plans in Ontario, Atlantic Canada, and Quebec. In the Prairie Provinces (Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta) the farmer-owned Wheat Pools (grain marketing cooperatives) have developed guides to environmental farm planning to be used in conjunction with other on-farm conservation planning processes. These initiatives help farmers identify their successes in effective environmental management and develop work plans to address potential risks. It is projected that from 5, 000 to 6, 000 of these plans will be completed in Ontario alone by the year 1997.

Alberta has launched a campaign, Growing Alberta, to increase the awareness of the impact of agriculture on the environment and the economy. Producers in a number of provinces are developing management standards that guide the implementation of environmental stewardship. For example, British Columbia and Alberta have established codes of practice for the management of animal waste, and Ontario has produced 10 booklets on Best Management Practices. In Quebec, initiatives include a Sustainable Development Policy for the agricultural sector and new regulations respecting the reduction of agricultural pollution. The agricultural sector in Canada has made progress in achieving its environmental objectives.

In 1991, low-till and no-till practices accounted for nearly one-third of the seeded cropland in Canada compared to negligible amounts only 20 years ago. Summer fallow has decreased almost 30 % in the last two decades. Through federal and provincial efforts aimed at reducing toxins, some 29 compounds affecting more than 2000 agriculture-related products have been controlled or eliminated. Also, the agricultural sector is working towards meeting the terms of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer by reducing production and use of methyl bromide, a fumigant. The sector has demonstrated a willingness and an ability to adapt to its environmental challenges. Generally, Canadas agricultural tariffs are low, averaging 2 percent or less in 1991 for grains, fresh meat, and dairy products.

Almost 95 percent of Canadas agricultural tariff lines are bound, which means that it cannot increase any of them without first going through official GATT procedures and addressing comments from other countries. Canada also maintains quantitative border restrictions for dairy, eggs, and poultry, as well as restrictions on domestic production. The countrys dairy sector is oriented toward local markets and meeting domestic demands; its wheat sector, conversely, is geared toward exports. Canada is one of the worlds toughest competitors in international grain markets. The goal of its wheat support programs is to moderate the effects of fluctuations in world markets on domestic prices and incomes. But transportation subsidies and price supports have not fully offset the losses in income stemming from a continuing drop in world cereal prices.

Canada's trade relationship with the U. S. has also influenced agricultural policy implementation in Canada. The United States and Canada are similar in many ways, yet they have taken different approaches to agricultural policy. Trade agreements between USA and Canada have allowed policy reforms that were previously politically untenable.

Canada became a founding Member of the WTO on 1 January 1995. The WTO Implementation Act of November 1994 involved amendments to 29 federal statutes covering virtually all trade-related areas. In addition to changes in the Special Import Measures Act (SIMA) necessary to implement the WTO Agreements, a general review of anti-dumping provisions is currently under way. Canada has fulfilled most of its WTO notification obligations, but has yet to complete these in some areas of agriculture and subsidies. Overall, Canadian agriculture benefited from favourable price and exchange rate developments in 1994 and 1995. Federal outlays for agriculture have been reduced by some 20 per cent since 1994, mainly through the elimination of transport subsidies under the Western Grain Transportation Act; and strong export demand has helped traditional export products, in particular wheat, to adjust to cuts in public support.

The more market-based environment for grains and major livestock industries contrasts, however, with the retention of supply management regimes for dairy products, poultry and eggs. These products continue to be sheltered by high import barriers, now in the form of restrictive tariff quotas with excess supplies carrying prohibitive rates, ranging up to over 300 per cent for butter. The allocation of quota entitlements to individual importers is generally based on past performance; in areas such as butter, condensed and concentrated milk, historical monopolies remain. On December 4, 1998, the United States and Canada signed a Record of Understanding (ROU) on agricultural trade, committing both sides to specific actions to reduce bilateral trade tensions and to help increase bilateral agricultural trade.

As a part of the ROU, the countries agreed to work more closely to increase the level of information and understanding about bilateral agricultural trade and to address and resolve trade issues of concern before resorting to actions that restrict trade. The most obvious agreements between the US and Canada are the FTA and the impending NAFTA. These economic agreements superficially remove trade barriers by eliminating tariffs and allowing the free exchange of goods, however the deal is much deeper than most realize. In the original FTA there are practically no environmental safeguards; we have all but sold our life blood (natural resources, most notably water) to the USA.

It appears on the surface to be an act of sheer economic desperation designed to hold firm the trust and support of America with little thought for future stability. The NAFTA will see a surge of industry head south in search of cheap labour and lower taxes; the effect on the Canadian economy may be devastating, however the effect on our environment will be twice as harrowing seeing as most of Canada's air borne pollution problems originate in the US. The ramifications of industry relocating in Mexico, with even lower environmental standards than the US is terrifying. Cultural contracts abound, however subtle and unspoken they may be. Canadian television is all but controlled by the US; even Canadian stations are inundated with American product; our press is filled with American news while our radios play American music. This influence is impossible to escape from, and most do not bother trying.

In Canada definitions of sustainable agriculture are generally concerned with the need for agricultural practices to be economically viable, to meet human needs for food, to be environmentally positive, and to be concerned with quality of life. Since these objectives can be achieved in a number of different ways, sustainable agriculture is not linked to any particular technological practice. Nor is sustainable agriculture the exclusive domain of organic farming. Rather, sustainable agriculture is thought of in terms of its adaptability and flexibility over time to respond to the demands for food and fiber (both high and low), its demands on natural resources for production, and its ability to protect the soil and the resources. This goal requires an efficient use of technology in a manner conducive to sustainability. Finally, because agriculture is affected by changes in market and resource decisions in other sectors and regions of Canada, it is important that these changes do not provide a rationale for depleting the agricultural resource base locally. (Wilson and Tyrchniewicz, 1995) SWEDEN Comparisons of Canada to Sweden show that despite very similar economies, climates and standards of living, Sweden's agricultural policy had humble beginnings.

It grew from the need to protect domestic prices since a large amount of the population earned their income in this sector. Modern day agricultural policy has developed into a complex system of protection. First off the whole environment surrounding agriculture has changed. With the modernization of farming and over half of Sweden's land being over a bed of granite and gneiss, the farm population is steadily declining. When Sweden joined the European Economic Community (EEC), it actual had to raise its relatively low agricultural tariffs to comply with the EECs common agricultural policy goal (Ride, 1982).

In this Sweden and Canada are similar because in Canada are also low tariffs. The government also established the Commission of Food Policy to examine agricultural policy and give suggestions on ways to improve the policy since agriculture is still an important part of their society. After joining the European Union on...


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Research essay sample on United States And Canada Agricultural Sector

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