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Example research essay topic: University Students And German Unity - 1,711 words

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University students and German unity "Nineteenth Century" was an era marked by many historical, political, economic and cultural events in the world. According to some historians points of view, it stretched from 1815 to 1914. But others proved that several events which happened at the end of 18 th century influenced greatly the development of main ideas in the 19 th one; thats why the century defined from 1789 to 1914. During that period of time a lot of events happened: the Napoleonic Wars, first and second Industrial Revolutions, the development of Romanticism and liberals and nationalists uprisings.

During this century the Holy Roman Empire ceased and the British Empire occupied the world's leading position. To the end of the century the British Empire controlled almost one third of the land area. It was an era of innovations and discovery, rising of class consciousness and quality of education. At the end of the 18 th century a new wave of economic changes seized the world. The process was called by historians the Industrial Revolution. It had great consequences.

The Revolution turned an agricultural society into a manufacturing one, and changed the way of producing goods. It started in Great Britain which was the most powerful empire on the world and had the most wealth. After some time other countries such as Germany, the United States and France were gripped with industrial revolution. At the beginning of the 19 th century urbanization started. It happened because the rural industries lost the battle with the industries and more and more people went to work to cities. Cities were overcrowded with bad sanitary conditions and diseases.

A lot of people died. As a result of the Industrial Revolution new industries developed and the life of people changed greatly. With the development of transportation people had an opportunity to move further away. That caused the migration to other countries and spreading of progressive ideas around the world. The new industrial age brought new materialistic view of the world. People were subdued to market economy.

The after-effects of the Industrial Revolution can be seen even nowadays. From one hand it has a negative effect from the other one it was a great progress that had changed peoples life. Factories and plants that appeared as a result of the Revolution increased the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and polluted the environments. The planets natural resources are constantly diminished. The quality of food in the new factory towns was often poor.

The event influenced greatly the level of peoples living conditions. It was the era of scientific researches and technical innovations. The other after-effect was the appearance of new type of economy. Earlier before the Industrial Revolution economic processes were a regulated one and could be predictable. Economic crises of the new economy could not be controlled by anyone. Modern economy is a complex process that started from the time of Industrial Revolution and is characterized with wild cycles of "boom and bust" or so called "the business cycle." According to the new rules of economy competition is considered to be the engine of capitalism.

But from the other hand The Industrial Revolution had a positive effect on Europe. The old aristocratic relationships were removed with capitalistic ones; and this class was for democratic government. Democracy was one of the main conditions for wresting power and passing laws that could guarantee the prosperity of business. During the Revolution in many European countries the roots of modern socialism appeared.

In the 19 th century a demographic revolution took place. The amount of population increased greatly. With decrease of death and increase of fertility population grew very quickly. The production of raw materials for the rural industry resulted the increasing of farmers without land. Farmers need workers only for the harvest season.

Thats why harvesters went from town to town and the amount of rural inhabitants diminished. From the beginning the urbanization had a circular character. Later more and more people did not want to return back on the countryside By the way, proletarians had more children than farmers. Towns were overcrowded and as a result it caused disasters and miseries. The demographic revolution in Europe led to migration to America.

A lot of people went there for better life and called the country the land of hopes. It was a great chance for many of poor people to start a new life. The Industrial revolution proposed new means of transportation and it was easy to move over longer distances. In late 18 th century in Western Europe a new movement appeared. It was Romanticism. The movement was not a political one.

It pushed out the rational philosophy of the 18 th century - "Idealism." One of the main figures in the development Romanticism ideas was G. W. F. Hegel, a German philosopher. He proved that a person should be led by his spirit, his soul rather than by material values. It was a paradox: in time of great materialism people began to think not only about the importance of ideas but about their nature.

It was a time when mankind revised its outlook on life and reached new intellectual and political awareness. The movement stressed strong emotions. Romanticism was inspired by a struggle against aristocratic social and political norms which were created in from the Enlightenment period. Romantic ideas were seen in events of the French Revolution. The development of the movement is considered to begin as the direct aftermath of the French Revolution. It took place in 1789 and started an era of liberal revolutions, the main demands of which were democratic rights of every citizen to move, speak etc.

The 19 th century was called the students' century. Inspired with the teachings of the French Revolution, students became more and more involved in political processes. The ideas of Romanticism influenced the rising of importance, independence and self-esteem of the educated upper middle class. It is known that the 18 th century was called the century of the natural sciences. The 19 th century was a period when history and literature were of great importance. Well-educated students of Universities were absorbed with progressive ideas of the epoch and reproduced them in their literary and historical works.

They became the main force in the struggle for democratic freedoms. Students were organizers and supporters of liberal revolutions that took place in Europe. Till the 19 th century Germany had the feudal system. It was ruled by absolute sovereigns and had territorial isolation. Its population consisted peasants and land workers, as well as tradesmen, craftsmen and small shop owners. In the beginning of the century the conflict of interests was a driven force for the beginning of changes.

A strong movement of liberal and democratic opposition developed. Social and political conflict reached its crucial moment in the end of 1847. The period was characterized with an economic crisis that became a pre-condition for great changes in German history. The armed uprising started in 1848 in Vienna and Berlin which became the centers of revolts.

The German governors were frightened and promised to provide liberal changes as to the freedom of the press, the freedom to hold meetings and a German national parliament. On May 18, 1848 Frankfurt became the center of the revolutionary movement. The National Assembly that held there formed a temporary Imperial government. Though the formation of the government reflected the problems of relations between a unified German state (between Austria and Prussia) it was a great attempt to create a centralized government. In summer, in 1848 "Basic Rights for the German People" were formulated. But the forces of the opposition were not united.

In 1849 the Assembly was finally wiped out by the military forces of Wurttemberg. The revolution of 1848 - 49 was over but its achievements played an important role in the further development of Germany. After the failure of the civil revolution in Germany, German students changed their political involvements. They became more conservative though a lot of young and well-educated people who took part in the Revolution immigrated to the United States after the failure of the revolution. They became political activists in the country. Though the Revolution in Germany failed to turn Germany into a republic it was not in vain.

The ideas proclaimed by the revolutionaries were taken as the basic for the 1919 constitution of the Weimar Republic. The principles of formation united Germany were taken into account for German unification in 1989. The Revolution affected other countries and became a great impulse to the revolutionary movements in those countries. The discovery of electricity, steel and petroleum fuel was pre-conditions for creation of great Empires such as Germany, Japan and the USA Empires. In 1871 Otto von Bismarck united Prussia and the North German Confederation and the German Empire came into existence. Under Bismarck governing the territory of Germany was re-divided.

He was a great diplomat and jointed many new provinces. Bismarck was a brilliant strategist. He began and won the Austro-Prussian War, then the Franco-Prussian War that almost destroyed France. The German Empire existed till the end of the First World War. The idea of uniting one nationality in one country was the basis of nationalism. During the period of the existence of the German Empire the number of political refugees grew.

The policy of the government influenced greatly Europe. The wave of nationalistic ideas flowed over German and Italy in the 20 th century and led to the development of the idea of Nazism and superiority of one nation over others. It is known that all historical processes have their pre-conditions and after-effects. All events in history interact with each others. Thats why there were a lot of factors that provoked great change in the 19 th century as well as its influence was tremendous.

The century was called the century of industrialization and was replaced with the age of Technical progress. Bibliography: Jackson J. , Spielvogle. Western Civilization. Columbia University Press, 2002, 6 th ed. , vol. C, ch. 19 - 23. John, Breuilly. 19 Th-Century Germany: Politics, Culture and Society 1780 - 1918.

Oxford University Press, 2003. The Blue Book. Germany's Declared Policy in Regard to the Native Races. New African, May, 2002. web web


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Research essay sample on University Students And German Unity

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