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Example research essay topic: Division Of Labor Communist Manifesto - 1,680 words

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Final Paper (1) In 1848 Karl Marx and Frederic Engels published so-called Communist Manifesto, which stated that all people in the world are divided on bourgeoisie and proletariat, which are the biggest enemies and that there can be no reconciliation reached between them. They predicted that historically, bourgeoisie is doomed to physical annihilation, to prevent it from exploiting proletariat any further. Marx and Engels suggested that there is no other purpose of ones existence, but materialistic one. If person isnt hungry all his needs are satisfied.

The reason why so many people were strongly opposed against Communism is because it openly proclaims its immediate goals: The immediate aim of the Communists is the same as that of all other proletarian parties: Formation of the proletariat into a class, overthrow of the bourgeois supremacy, conquest of political power by the proletariat in the whole world. (Communist Manifesto, part 2). Up until the collapse of the Soviet Union, its symbol used to be a hammer and the sickle over the globe. Soviet constitution openly proclaimed that USSR only temporarily consists of 15 republics, but it is only the matter of time before all he countries in the world become part of it. The most important points of Communist manifesto are: elimination of private ownership, elimination of family as social institution- women are shared, whether they want it or not, re organising the humanity into work armies, where people forced to work for 12 hours a day, without holidays, while wearing the same grey ropes to emphasize their equality.

Marxism denies the existence of any other factors that play role in shaping up the social relations. Peoples inequality is artificially created and maintained. The notions of common good, morality and solidarity are nothing but chimeras. Marx's sociology does not attach any significance to the role of individual; its only concerned with its social status. This can only be thought of as one-dimensional approach to complicated matters, on his part. Marx promoted the idea of dictatorship of proletariat, which was to insure that other social classes would gradually cease to exist.

As history shows, very often Marxist revolutionaries werent patient enough to wait until it happens naturally, so theyd use mass executions to speed up the process. Marx anticipated the time when there would be no national states. His vision of future resembles anarchist utopia, from certain prospective. Yet, he also theorized that masses cannot effectively rule themselves, thats why he suggested that the ruling elite should be created out of idealist promoters of workers cause, such as himself. (2) Max Weber's main argument in his The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism was the suggestion that the capitalism, as socio-political philosophy, has evolved from the spirit of Protestantism. I totally agree with him on this matter. The essence of Martin Luther's protest against Catholic dogma had very little to do with a religion.

It was the expression of healthy German utilitarianism, which strived to explain Christian faith in terms of logic. By there is another important aspect of it that Weber does not mention in his work. It is not just the inner essence of Protestantism that contributed to the creation of new capitalist world order. In my opinion, people's biological degradation inspires them to spend more and more time on defining the spiritual foundation of their existence.

Therefore, the Protestantism influenced the rise of modern capitalism, just as much as people's increased indulgence in superstitions influenced the establishment of modern Protestant ethic. Capitalism is a truly democratic system, in the sense that it allows an odd people to reach the top of political and economic power by the means of pure chance. Yet, the people who used to be the servants all their lives and suddenly found themselves being a masters, need a some kind of transcendent explanation to this, as logic alone roves to be helpless. Thus, the fact that bourgeoisie is the most superstitious social class in modern world. The Protestantism is the best example of people's attachment to the earthly riches, when even the religion itself serves the role of comforting factor and nothing else.

The religion also became just another form of commercial enterprise in the Protestant world. I think that Weber's theory is still remains very helpful, when it comes to understanding the true forces behind contemporary socio-economical trends. It's only shortcoming is the fact that Weber does not attach any importance to the biological factors that affect religion, economy and the process of their interaction. (3) Durkheim's sociology is based on empirical observations. According to him, the division of functions is a category, which can be attributed to all living things. The biological complexity of every species comes as a result of functional complexity. Durkheim implies the principle of geometrical progression to prove his point.

He concludes that the division of labor is natural, therefore highly moral. Unlike Marks, he extensively uses the notion of morality in public sphere, although it has nothing to do with morality in the classical sense of this word. Natural inequality between men is what allows society to function normally; this is the main reason that accounts for the division of labor, which is crucial for further progress of our civilization. The soldier seeks military glory, the priest moral authority, the statesman power, the businessman riches, the scholar scientific renown. Each of them can attain his end without preventing the others from obtaining theirs (Durkheim, p. 360). According to Durkheim, the high degree of specialization within society, accounts for its vitality and competitiveness.

He recognizes that there is a conflict between labor and capital in modern industrial society, but he explains it by artificial factors. For example, Durkheim says that if laws that regulate economical relations within society were natural, itd automatically result in establishing the natural social hierarchy, which would guarantee further progress of specialization. The strongest point of Durkheim's sociology, comparing to Marks, is that its highly organic. It deals with existence of social stratification as the consequence of peoples biological inequality. It recognizes the fact that the society, as integrated being, is driven by the subconscious desire towards sensual pleasures. Yet, this principle loses its essence when pleasure becomes continued and uninterrupted.

Thats why Communism can never work, as it suggests that fulfilling peoples physical needs is all that it takes for the establishing universal happiness on Earth. Durkheim operates with the notion of collective consciousness, yet he doesnt oppose it to individual one, like Marx does. He describes it as understanding that all members of society are dependent on each other, because of labor division. This causes collective interest to become more individually focused, thus creating balance between personal and social agendas. Durkheim promotes cooperation between representatives of different social classes, which has to be based on certain moral imperatives.

This, of course, can be only accomplished in racially homogeneous society, such as France, at the time when Durkheim wrote his books. However, the multicultural reality of nowadays undermines the validity of Durkheim sociological method to a large degree. (4) The majority of medical experiments at Auschwitz had very practical implications and were conducted on the Soviet prisoners of war, who were not under the protection of Gaga convention, since Soviet Union refused to sign it, before the outbreak of war. There are numerous accounts of Soviets conducting the same kind of experiments on their concentration camps' inmates, yet people do not express the moral outrage because of that. It was only the experiments of doctor Engels that Marx, Weber and Durkheim could " ve had any opinion about.

His experiments on Siamese twins had decisively proven the fact that the human behaviour is at least 70 % biologically predetermined. Of course, Marx wouldn't agree with such conclusions, since it would contradict his own theory of materialistic determinism. But I doubt that Marx would " ve been appalled by any moral considerations, regarding these experiments, because one of the main points of Communism is physical elimination of private owners as class. The history of Communism can be thought of as one gigantic social experiment that resulted in enormous amount of suffering on the part of millions of people.

Comparing to it, the Auschwitz experiments can be thought of as an example of scientific kindness and humanism. Weber and Durkheim would probably also be against conducting experiments on human beings. But all their theories are Euro-centered. In another words, Weber and Durkheim only refer to White Europeans as the representatives of true humanity. It is really hard to predict their reaction to the experiments that involved submerging mongoloids into the icy water, to figure out the limits of human endurance. Let us not forget that in 19 th and the first part of 20 th century, European scientists were able to freely pursuit their academic goals, without being severely limited by the notion of political-correctness.

Sociological theories of Weber and Durkheim do not consider a racial issue as such that might have any social effect. Therefore, they would probably be against eugenics, because in their opinion, improving people biologically would not result in any positive effects on social level. Yet, without a doubt, both Weber and Durkheim are the classic European intellectuals, therefore they should be the least affected by outdated morality, which is based on old Christian dogmatism. They probably would be in favor of experimenting on people, for as long as it would support their theories with practical findings.

But if it is the theory of racial determinism that uses the results of experiments on people, as the proof of its correctness, both thinkers would undoubtedly grow very critical of such practice. Bibliography: Communist Manifesto. (2001). Marxism Page. Retrieved December 10, 2005 from web Durkheim, E.

The Division of Labor in Society. Translated by W. D. Halls. The Free Press. New York. 1984.

Novak, M. Max Weber Goes Global. (2005). Michael Novak's Site. Retrieved December 10, 2005 from web Nazi Human Experimentation. (2005). Wikipedia. Retrieved December 10, 2005 from web Weber, M.

Auschwitz: Myths and Facts. (2004). Zundel site. Retrieved December 10, 2005 from web


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Research essay sample on Division Of Labor Communist Manifesto

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