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Example research essay topic: Eastern European Countries Communist Regime - 1,306 words

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German History For a period more then 70 years Germany had been living a life full of political changes. After the finishing of the II World War and the defeating of Germany, it became the main battlefield between the USSR and western countries. During the War the leaders of Big Three (the USSR, England and the USA) met three times. The last meeting began in Potsdam on July 17, 1945. It had been lasted for 17 days.

The question arisen in Potsdam was about the compensation to the countries, victims of aggression. The USSR was given the eastern part of Prussia with the capital in Kerningburg. In fact the allies recognized all territorial captures made by Stalin in 1939 1945 and supremacy of the USSR in Eastern Europe. But they were against its spreading in further. The meeting of Big Three consolidated the division of Europe. But the opposition between capitalist and socialist systems led to another kind of war so called cold war.

In April 1948 the Marshall Plan came into existence. It was made by the USA. The idea of it was to give an economic help to Western Europe, suffered badly during the War. On the contrary socialist countries organized the council to help the eastern part of the country. It was supposed that the help of the USSR would raise the economy of it.

Western countries did not want the Soviet Union to have influence on the West of Germany. It led to the division of the country. In 1949 Adenauer became the first Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany (its western part). He played an important role in making good relations with France and the USA. His first major success as Chancellor was Petersburg agreement. So, in November, 1949 the FRG became a member of the International Authority and was granted the right to establish consular relations with foreign countries.

On September 12, 1949 Theodore House was elected the President of the FRG. His state visits consolidated confidence in the German post war republic. But German still was a zone of constant tension in Europe. And on the night of the 13 th of August 1961 the Brandenburg Gate that played a highly symbolic role in the German history was closed off by armed forces.

From 1961 1989 the Gate was located in so called no mans land between East and West Berlin. From that time the construction of the Berlin Wall began. Eric Honcker, as a member of politburo of the eastern part of the Germany, oversaw the building. And in 1971 he was ordered to be directly responsible for it. It was said that the Wall was build for security matters. Though the western and eastern parts of German seemed to be divided with the Wall, we can notice some kind of warming in their relations.

In 1963 Ludwig Erhard became Chancellor of the FRG. During the period of his governing, more liberal economic policy towards the Eastern European states were provided. He renewed diplomatic relations with East Germany. Erhard's main principles were continued by Willy Brandt, who became Chancellor in 1969. He was one of the founders of the policy that was called Ostpolitik.

It was the policy of reconciliation between eastern and western Europe. The first meeting between leaders of both Germany's was taken in March, 1970. Willie Stop, a prime minister of East German, met with Willy Brandt. They signed negotiations for a nonaggression treaty and the normalization of relations. Willy Brandt's Ostpolitik had a support in Eastern part. Brandt worked closely with Eric Honcker.

And in 1972 as a part of the policy the Basic Treaty was signed. According to it the both parts of Germany agreed to develop normal relations on the basis of equality. They recognized each others independence and sovereignty. All events had led to destruction of the old regime. In 1989 the border between two parts were opened.

On November 1989 it was the beginning of the fall of the Berlin Wall. In 1990 the last free and secret elections of the Peoples Chamber, the supreme representation of the GDR (eastern part), was held. Green Party played the important role in them. It was ecological, feminist and free of violence party. Their demands were not only ecological. They demanded the final securing of lasting peace.

The members were against the Stalinist handing of people. The Party formed a joint parliamentary group and agreed on a joint election platform in East Berlin. All the GDR groups received a safe position at the first all German elections and established a joint Federal Association. But progressive movements happened not only in political life of the country.

In early 1947 Group 47 was founded to reestablish the broken traditions of German literature. It was a group of war prisoner in the USA, which introduced the literary history of German in the post 1945 period. They continued to have influence throughout the post war period. In 1947 the magazine Der Spiegel was established. It had a reputation for investigative journalism. In 1962 it was in the center of a political crisis known as the Spiegel Affair. (It was reported the failings of the German army. ) In 1983 the magazine covered the Flick events.

The scandal broke in West Germany. It was known that the Flick Company paid huge sums of money to various politicians and parties (during the War they gave money to the Nazi party and to SS). So, democratic changes were held in all spheres of life in Germany. That period was during the governing of Helmut Kohl. Kohl was widely recognized for managing the process of German reunification. He convinced politicians that a unified Germany would represent no thread to its neighbors.

But Germany was the last country which refused from socialist ideas. During several decades the map of Europe had no changes. Millions of Europeans were sure that it would be unchangeable for many centuries. Only a real catastrophe would be able to disturb it.

But for last several years the bounders of some eastern European countries had changed. Some states disappeared, others came into existence. And all those processes were made peacefully, without any war. The crucial moment of XX century was crash of the socialist camp. Historians considered economic situation to be the main reason of it.

From the end of 40 s the economic situation of Eastern European countries with socialist regime had been constantly worsening. The population was not satisfied with a low level of life comparing with western neighbors. Towards the middle of 70 s in many countries of the socialist camp it was noticed the recession of economic growth that entailed depression and even real crisis in some regions. The leaders of those countries decided to make contacts with western partners and involve capital from abroad.

So, Communist order in Eastern Europe went to ruin under the outer influence. But Communist regime in GDR was one of the strictest. Even at the beginning of 1989 in period of perestroika in the USSR, GDR seemed to be a great defender of socialism. Avoiding the growth of anti socialist ideas, Soviet newspapers and magazines were forbidden by the authority of Eastern Germany. But the blow was stroked from another side.

In May, 1989 Hungary opened its bounders for free moving and thousands of eastern Germen had an opportunity to visit neighbor countries: the FRG and Austria. In autumn mass demonstrations against Communist regime were held. And in November the Berlin Wall was demolished. The idea of uniting two pars of Germany became popular among people of the countries. The USSR assured that it would not be stand in the way. So, in March, 1990 the country headed for uniting.

Thus, towards the beginning of 1991 the world system of socialism stopped its existence without serious shakes.


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Research essay sample on Eastern European Countries Communist Regime

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