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Development of the countries of the world community is characterized by the constant expansion of their mutual economic communications. This process has led to the creation of the international economy, the many-sided and complex phenomenon expressing the maximum stage of development of a social production and functioning as system formation at the international level. The countries participating in the development of the international economy, naturally, play a different role in the given process and solve various problems. However the overall objective, as a rule, is pursued: to take the most of advantages of cumulative economic potential of the world community. The major processes that influence the world economy and considerably change it are the processes of internationalization and globalization of world production and capital, the basic kinds of vital activity of the person and the society. Steady increase of coherence, integrity of economic as spontaneous system becomes fundamental law of the world development.
At the same time separate parts of this system differently in volumetric and structural expression are included in the world economic relations. The international value of this or that country, its separate region (city) is caused by their economic potential, a place in world goods manufacturing system, technologies, finances, general economic dynamics. International economic relation are carried out basically by means of participation of their subjects in the international division of labour. The realization of these relation is influenced also by political, social and economic, legal and other factors.
The mechanism of realization at a macro level includes organizational, rules of law and tools on their realization (the international economic contracts and agreements, the organizations of international trade, etc. ), the corresponding activity of the international economic organizations directed on achievement of the purposes on coordinated development of the international economic attitudes. The international practice testifies, that modern international economic relations demand essential, constant, interstate regulation. The mechanism of realization at a micro level includes system of the international marketing and the organization and technics of foreign trade activities. At all external similarity to the general (internal) marketing the international marketing represents the specific tool of management of business at the international level. Its specificity is shown first of all in methods of studying of the national markets features, and also the world of markets of those or other goods and services.
The theory of Market Structure takes a very important place in the theory of economy. The structure of a market provides us with different information such as general profit and utility maximising notions and conditions. Economics is an explanation of the ways of economic agencies interactions through commodities, services, and mediums of exchange like money, production processes and other in order to make their standard of living higher. It is impossible for the economic agency to do this without knowing something about the market, on which it operates. Its also impossible to predict producers or consumers behaviour without knowing general profit and utility maximising conditions. Foreign trade is a traditional and advanced form of international economic relations.
Under some estimations the share of trade is about 80 % of all the volume of international economic relations. The term "foreign trade" is understood the trade of any country with other countries, consisting of paid import and paid export of the goods. Since the Middle Ages time economists of many countries aspired to find out the reasons of foreign trade and a role which it plays in the country economic life. In the due time D. Rikardo has shown, why the nations trade, in what limits the exchange between two countries is most favourable, allocating criteria of the international specialization. In interests of each country, says D.
Rikardo, is to specialize on manufacture in which it has the greatest advantage or the least weakness and for which relative benefit is the greatest. His reasonings have found the expression in the theory of comparative advantages. D. Rikardo has proved, that the international exchange is possible and desirable in interests of all countries. He has defined that price zone inside which the exchange is favourable to everyone. J.
S. Mill in the " Principles of political economy " (1848) has shown, under what price the international commodity exchange is carried out. According to Mill, the price of the exchange is established under the law of a supply and demand at such level, that cumulative export of each country allows to cover its cumulative import. A formulation of the Law of international cost, or " the theory of international cost " is an important merit of J. S.
Mill. The theory of the international cost shows, that there is a price which optimizes an exchange of the goods between the countries. This market price depends on supply and demand. The internal prices are not always capable to serve as a criterion of equivalence of an exchange at sale and purchase in the world market.
The world market, balancing with a supply and demand, forms the prices, is usual in the most recognized, firmly convertible currency. To determine the competitive advantage we must analyze the activity of the company and its cooperation with the each of the country. It is long process. Below there are some formulas that are necessary in the analyzing the activity of the company taking into account pluses and minuses of this or that step. The role of a corporation's management is to make the firm more attractive to its shareholders with the help of laws and responsibilities.
Corporate finance deals with the strategic financial issues, between them there is whether it makes sense to merge with or acquire another firm. Managers must predict the impact of the decision on the firm's value. Of course, they can simply take its balance sheet and subtract liabilities from assets to arrive at the equity value. But though the balance sheet method is simple, it is not accurate; there are better ways of accomplishing the task of valuation.
Another method to value the firm is to consider the future flow of cash. A valuation model based on cash flow can discount the value of cash received in future years, and provide a more accurate picture of the true impact of financial decisions. Note also the distinction between cash and equity. Shareholders' equity is the sum of common stock at par value, additional paid-in capital, and retained earnings. But shareholders' equity is on the opposite side of the balance sheet from cash. It can be worthwhile to know where a firm's cash is originating and how it is being used.
There are two sources of cash: reducing assets or increasing liabilities or equity. Similarly, a company uses cash either by increasing assets or decreasing liabilities or equity. Currency-financial conditions are the order of definition of currency and payment, system of calculations, currency clauses. Currency of a price (currency of a transaction) - the currency used for expression of the price in the contract. It can be expressed in currency of the exporter country, the importer country or in currency of the third country according to the consent of the parties. In practice US dollar is used as the currency of a price because the majority of the prices on commodity exchanges of the countries of the world community is often fixed in this currency.
The currency of payment is a currency on which payment of the goods or services is carried out under the contract. The currency of payment can differ from currency of the price. Thus the rate (a rate on the maturity day or an average rate for the established period) on which the currency of the price is transferred in currency of payment is underlined. Conditions of calculations depend on countries-participants of the contract, trading customs, a kind of the goods, a conjuncture of the commodity market, intergovernmental agreements, etc. Express transportation is among the most profitable international activities. Express transportations is a special kind of services of urgent (usually for 24 hours or even for a night) delivery of fine packings " from the door up to the door ", entered in practice by the American forwarding agents in the beginning of 70 th.
In connection with huge demand express delivery have quickly turned to an independent kind of business and in rather short term have got the international character. Due to the modern technological base and nonconventional methods of processing of urgent cargoes, time of their passage for huge distances was reduced till several hours, the opportunity to provide safety of sending's and the individual control over them in all parts of a chain has appeared: As an example of a company with international activity I would like to take the Company FedEx Corp. Company FedEx Corp. , which revenue makes $ 23 billion, is the world's largest provider of the services in the field of freight traffic, electronic commerce and management of a circuit of deliveries. FedEx gives complex business-decisions through a network of affiliated companies: FedEx Express, the world's largest company of express train-delivery of cargoes; FedEx Ground, the second service provider in Northern America on ground delivery of small cargoes; FedEx Freight, the service provider largest in the USA in the field of regional delivery of medium-sized cargoes; FedEx Custom Critical, the company largest in Northern America on delivery of urgent departures; FedEx Trade Networks - the customs broker largest in Northern America and the service provider in the field of support and customs clearing of cargoes worldwide. In 2002 according to research about Satisfaction of Corporate Clients Services in the field of Delivery of the Small Cargoes, lead J.
D. Power and Associates, company FedEx has taken the leading positions in categories of services on air, ground and international delivery of cargoes. It seems, specificity of express trains-transportations assumes using of the air transport first of all. And many companies which have come in this business, in due course come to the conclusion about necessity to have own airline as it has taken place both with UPS, and with TNT. However the metamorphosis which has occurred with three of leaders of the industry of cargo express transportations has involuntarily forced to bring essential corrective amendments in this true. The company FedEx, that in 1997 possessed huge park of 560 cargo planes of various models and provided every day from above 2, 5 million departures in more than 200 countries of the world, two years ago has got into the heaviest financial situation when it seemed, that the company is doomed for decrease in profitableness and, finally, on ruin.
Gradually it has sold out the enviable aircraft depot, and now it does not have any own plane. If necessary FedEx uses commercial airlines. It was the compelled measure - more and more clients rejected expensive FedEx services as began to send departures much more cheaper. However the " queen of delivery for a night " has survived only due to the created service of ground delivery which appeared quite comprehensible, and what is the most important, cheaper alternative to air delivery. All this has helped FedEx not only to resist under an impact of main competitor UPS, which had taken 80 % of ground deliveries in the USA, but also to take back from it at him a part of the market. But UPS it was not confused at all, and, originally having declared about unwillingness to participate in price wars, has promised this year to raise the prices for 3, 9 %.
FedEx and other competitors have undertaken the same. Due to 12 %-s' operational profits that is four times more, than at branch on air delivery - the net profit of all the company has grown for 45 % Company Federal Express through a site web has offered new services to clients: the order through the Internet of service and a call of the courier, tracking of a parcel worldwide. According to the site statistics 280000 - 400000 visitors come during a week, 13000 clients trace the cargoes during a day. It improves the services and allows the customers to decrease their expenses on telephone calls. The first client of FeDEx I would like to speak about is Russia, the company Elf- 91. Since 1990 the company "Elf- 91 " is the official contractor of one of world leaders in the field of express train-delivery and transportation of cargoes of American corporation Federal Express.
Recently it concluded the contract about the cooperation with the company FedEx. Development of partner attitudes with FedEx is considered as a strategic component of competitive advantage "Elf- 91 " will proceed to render exclusive service on gathering documents and delivery of the international passports with visas of the USA and other countries. Now without coming to Moscow it is possible to hand over documents and to pay all consular gathering in each of the central cities of Russia where there are branches of the company. Use of the global network FedEX as foreign partner allows to carry out the international departures more than in 210 countries of far abroad.
The company has many perspective projects. In particular, the development of the goods delivery market for the Internets-shops clients, the organization of transportation of express-cargoes by automobile and railway transportation, delivery of the goods under catalogues, express-deliveries between large cities, , development of service on delivery on a corporate subscription, etc. The second client of FedEx I would like to speak about is Kazakhstan. - FedEx Express, became the first American company which is carrying out regular flights to Kazakhstan. The technical stop on a route Hongkong-Paris will be made at the airport of city of Alma-Ata, the largest business centre of Kazakhstan. " The strategic stops promote strengthening of quickly developing trade relations between Europe and Asia ", says Michael Date (Michael Decker), executive vice-president of company FedEx Express. " We have chosen the airport of Alma-Ata due to its excellent infrastructure and a successful strategic site ." The stop for refuelling in Kazakhstan adjoining to Russia, China, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan, will allow company FedEx Express to increase volume of cargo transportations between Hong Kong and Paris, having added to each flight in addition about 25 tons of a cargo.
Besides, clients in Hong Kong can send parcels on eight and a half of hours later as the start will be transferred from 22: 00 on 6: 30 mornings of the next day. The given change will leave more time for delivery of urgent cargoes from Southern China to Hong Kong. According to the data submitted in forecast of World Air Cargo Forecast, in long-term prospect the volume of freight traffic between Asia and Europe should increase for 7, 1 % a year in the western direction and on 6, 8 % in east. On expansion of the international business of the company FedEx Express in Asian-Pacific region the increase in volume of export first of all has affected 9 % the last quarter, due to expansion of trade relations between Europe and Northern America. In the beginning of 2003 the commission of experts of company FedEx Express has made trip to Kazakhstan for studying an opportunity of opening of flight Hongkong-Paris through Alma-Ata.
Experts of the company came to a conclusion, that for technical stops the airport of Alma-Ata equipped with a runway, length of 4, 400 meters, the modern refueling equipment and capable to provide professional technical support. On flight Hong Kong - Alma-Ata - Paris will be used plane MD- 11 making flights to Dubai and Bombay from the Asian-Pacific hub of the company, located in Subic Bay on Philippines, in the European hub - the airport " Charles Gaulle ." On a route liner Airbus A 310 which will make flights from Dubai to Bombay, and with flight Dubai - Paris four times a week also will be put. In September FedEx Express has received the sanction of the Ministry of Transport of the USA to 13 additional flights in / from Hong Kong, thus, having strengthened the positions as American carrier with the greatest quantity of cargo flights in / from Hong Kong. Thirteen additional flights will allow FedEx Express to expand a zone of service in Asian-Pacific region and Europe. Due to six additional flights in Subic Bay, connecting clients FedEx with network FedEx Asia One and other countries of the world, the company provides the best message inside the Asian region.
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Management: A Pacific Rim focus, McGraw Hill, 1998 (2 nd Ed 3. Robbins, S. P. , Bergman, R. , Stagg, I. , Coulter, M. , (2000), Management 2 nd edition, Prentice Hall, Sydney 4. Goyal HO, . Microeconomics, New York 2000; . 5. Ott TL, Wiley AA, Managing the EnterprizeLondon, 2003; 6.
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