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Example research essay topic: Law Enforcement Officers Law Enforcement Agencies - 1,954 words

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... not taking place would overstep the law's intent. Leslie Having, legislative director of the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers, echoes the sentiments of many criminal defense attorneys and civil libertarians who feel that the expansion of powers is an invitation to abuse: "It's not a power the government needs." There is much legislation being proposed that is requiring stricter court orders to obtain certain wiretaps. Conversely, Gregory Nicolaysen, founder of the Association of Federal Defense Attorneys, complains that too many judges rubber-stamp wiretapping requests and that the new laws will only make the situation worse: "The assumption is that those who are being wiretapped are criminals anyway." The courts have denied only 28 applications for wiretaps since they became legal in 1968. Right now, the government can obtain transaction logs containing a person's entire on-line profile just getting a subpoena from an investigator. For the people who use online services more and more, this data reveals a great deal about their private lives, and all of it can be collected form one place.

The FBI can also tap into private network systems according to Edwards and Boucher; this gives them access to things such as AOL accounts and even ATM's. All in all, David L. Sobel the Electronic Protection Information Center's General Counsel says, "The FBI is seeking surveillance capabilities that far exceed the powers law enforcement has had in the past and is entitled to under the law. It is disappointing that the Federal Communications Council resolved this issue in favor of police powers and against privacy. If the FBI has it's way, the only communications medium invulnerable to government snooping will consist of two soup cans and some string - and even then, I'd be careful, " said Barry Steinhardt.

Telephone Companies Cooperation The cooperation of the telephone companies plays an essential role in the laws that have to do with wiretapping. The telephone industry has always worked with the law enforcement agencies in the past. However, with the new services being offered and the amount of companies today, a company-by-company approach is not likely to be very successful. One main concern of the government and the phone companies is that these new laws don't slow the rapid development and launching of the new services and technologies that are continuing to benefit and revolutionize our society. The telephone industry does realize that there will be more and more problems for law enforcement interception. These problems are being posed by the new technologies and the competitiveness of the telephone market today.

Roy Neel, president of the United States Telephone Association and the chief spokesperson for the telephone industry on the issue, was asked by Senator Leahy if the time was fast approaching when a great deal of the ability of the law enforcement to carry out wiretaps will be lost. Mr. Neel answered, "In a number of cases with new enhanced services, that is probably true. " New bills require the Attorney General to estimate the needs of law enforcement for electronic surveillance. New bills require the government to reimburse the phone companies for reasonable costs of the growing needs from law enforcement. Cellular companies are also being pressured by the government for the tracking of cell phones and the tapping of their lines. However it is difficult for even the phone companies to listen to a phone conversation if the phone is being used out of area.

However, tracking has become the biggest issue when it comes to cellular phones. According to an article in Washington Online magazine by Bill Munro: The difficulty has nothing to do with money, said Ron Nelson, chief spokesperson for the Cellular Telephone Industry Association. The FBI wants to track the location of cellular phones to find criminals, yet the law does not require companies to install the tracking equipment in phones, he said. Installing it without a congressional requirement would expose cell phone companies to expensive lawsuits. 'If your client was found by the FBI and was caught by this tracking technology, and it is not in the law, you'd damned well sue' the telephone companies.

Whether people believe that the new bills represent an imposition on the phone companies or not, it seems to be evident that criminals won't be able to escape to their cell phones much longer without the fear of being overheard. Munro says that the money will also persuade the Cellular Telephone Industry Association to reverse its opposition to the FBI's plans for tracking the location of these mobile phones. "I would assume that they will all sell out to the government sooner of later." All in all, both land phone companies and cell phone companies are being propositioned by the government cooperation with wiretaps. It appears that the government is willing to pay for such services, and the government's money will be enough to win the cooperation of these companies. This also means that for all of the new services that are designed and manufactured, wiretapping capabilities must be assured for the government. The costs of these wiretaps are also a huge issue in the arguments that have to do with law enforcement wiretaps.

All of the new bills dealing with wiretaps that are in the works state that all of the reasonable costs incurred by the phone companies would be paid by the federal government. However, these modifications can't start without the help of the federal government because without the funding, the phone companies can't modify their systems to help out the FBI. In Bill Munro's article for Inside Washington, he had statements from telephone company officials about the current situation. 'We " ve never opposed funding because we are the recipients of such funding, 's aid one industry official. However, 'there's no commercial value to it' because the money flows through the telephone companies to the companies that produce and modify the electronic switching gear, he said. The phone companies have now come up with a plan that they believe to be fair. Their compromise is that the government should pay for all of the installation of such devices and should be handled by the government.

One thing that should be noted is the fact that these costs paid by the government with taxpayers' money are not cheap. Leonidas R. Mecham, Director of the Administrative office of the United States Courts agrees that these wiretaps are expensive. According to his records, there were 1, 232 intercept orders in 1999 for which costs were reported and the average cost per order was $ 57, 511. While the average cost of a federal wiretap order cost $ 73, 616 per order. With cooperation from the phone companies, the costs of these wiretaps is likely to go down after all the proper devices are installed, but the cost to keep up with new technology will be tremendous.

I think that it is the responsibility of the government to pay for all of these outrageous costs, but I do think that the money could go toward more important things in our country. In summary, wiretaps are a tool that is essential to law enforcement officials. However, there are major privacy issues at hand in reference to keeping the authorities out of the private lives of this nation's citizens. Privacy the most controversial issue when wiretaps happen to be the conversation topic. However, the cooperation of the phone companies is also an issue. New wiretapping laws could also infringe on the rights of telephone companies by slowing the rate that new services are being released.

The phone companies also have an issue of money from the government to contend with. Lastly, the cost and effectiveness of wiretaps are also issues that are still up in the air as far as new legislation is concerned. The main conclusion has to do with compromise. That is, if anything is to be done about the problems of wiretapping, a compromise must be made. Not with just two of the groups involved, but with all three of the concerned parties. Not only must the law enforcement officers be satisfied with an agreement, but the telephone companies and the privacy protection advocates must also be happy.

It is essential that we provide essential means for law enforcement agencies to successfully tap the wires of criminals, and it is also key that the phone companies aren't impeded in their ability to put out new services to the public. A compromise must also be found with the advocates for privacy. I believe that a balance of power between these three main interest groups will force each other to keep the other ones honest. However, right now I ma most worried about the law enforcement officers abusing the power that they have and overstepping the bounds of law enforcement and into the realm of citizens' privacy. Although, I do believe that a compromise can and will be made in the future. There are still questions that need to be answered on the subject and they are definitely subject to further research.

One question deals with where the costs will actually be covered. Will they be covered by the government, or should they be assumed by the telephone companies, equipment manufacturers and providers of service, or some combination of all of the above. Another question deals within the realm of privacy. We must be sure that the government isn't reaching into the privacy of its citizens. How can we monitor their wiretapping activities? We must also figure out a solution to make sure that the Phone Company does not abuse government funds to upgrade their own systems.

This could definitely be a real problem in the future. Lastly, we need to ensure that whatever payment method is selected, it must be neutral to all of the phone companies. The plan must have a minimum effect on the deployment of an advanced telecommunications network and minimum adverse effect on telephone rates. Bibliography: Berk, R. A. , & Rossi, P.

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S. Bloom, & R. J. Light (Ed. ), Evaluation Practice in Review (pp. 5 - 21). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Cook, T. (1974).

The potential and limitations of secondary evaluation. In A. Michael W, M. J.

Subkoviak, & J. Henry S. Luther (Ed. ), Educational evaluation: Analysis and responsibility. Berkeley, CA: McCutchan Publishing. Cook, T. D. , & Grade, C.

L. (1978). Meta evaluation research. Evaluation Quarterly, 2 (1), 5 - 51. Scriven, M. (1969). An introduction to meta-evaluation. Educational Product Report No. 2, , 36 - 38.

Scriven, M. (1975). Evaluation Bias and Its Control (4). College of Education, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan. House, E. (1992).

Multicultural Evaluation in Canada and the United States. Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation, 7 (1), 133 - 156. Kelly, R. M. (1987). The Politics of Meaning and Policy Inquiry.

In D. J. Palumbo (Ed. ), The Politics of Program Evaluation (pp. 270 - 296). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. Lakomski, G. (1983). Ways of knowing and ways of evaluating: Or, how democratic is "democratic evaluation"?

Journal of Curriculum Studies, 15 (3), 265 - 276. Reprinted in Code, J. A. (ed) (1988). Knowledge and control in the evaluation of educational organisations. Geelong, Vic: Deakin University pp 55 - 67. McTaggart, R. (1991).

When Democratic Evaluation Doesn't Seem Democratic. Evaluation Practice, 12 (1), 9 - 21. O'Sullivan, E. , Burleson, G. W. , & Lamb, W. E. (1985).

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Research essay sample on Law Enforcement Officers Law Enforcement Agencies

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